Enlightenment Brought down to Earth

Goldsmith Oliver , A history of the Earth and animated nature (1774; Glasgow , 1857), 11; Porter Roy , “The urban and the rustic in Enlightenment London”, in Teich Mikuláš Porter Roy Gustafsson Bo (eds), Nature and society in historical context (Cambridge, 1997), 176–94, p. 176.

Porter Roy , Enlightenment: Britain and the creation of the modern world (London, 2001), 295, 319; compare the slightly different versions in Porter , “In England's green and pleasant land: The English Enlightenment and the environment”, in Flint Kate Morphy Howard (eds), Culture, landscape and the environment (Oxford, 2000), 15–43, and “The environment and the Enlightenment: The English experience”, in Daston Lorraine Pomata Gianna (eds), The faces of nature in Enlightenment Europe (Berlin, 2003), 17–38, citation from p. 38.

Porter , Enlightenment (ref. 2), 305, 382, citing Jacob M. C. , The cultural meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988), 116ff.

Porter , Enlightenment (ref. 2), 319.

Porter , “The urban and the rustic” (ref. 1), 176, 179, 191; Porter Roy , London: A social history (London, 1994), 113–16.

Willey Basil , The eighteenth-century background (London, 1940); Porter , “Environment and Enlightenment” (ref. 2), 38; Plumb J. H. , “The Walpoles: Father and son”, in Plumb J. H. (ed.), Studies in social history: A tribute to G. M. Trevelyan (London, 1955), 179–207; Williams Raymond , The country and the city (London, 1973); Wright Patrick , On living in an old country: The national past in contemporary Britain (London, 1985); and Samuel Raphael , Theatres of memory: Past and present in contemporary culture (London, 1994).

Porter Roy , The making of geology: Earth science in Britain 1660–1815 (Cambridge, 1977), 104, and idem, “The terraqueous globe”, in Rousseau G. S. Porter Roy (eds), The ferment of knowledge (Cambridge, 1980), 285–324, p. 286. For enlightened agronomy see Bourde André , Agronomie et agronomes en France au 18e siècle (Paris, 1967); Wilmot Sarah , The business of improvement: Agriculture and scientific culture in Britain 1700–1870 (Reading, 1990); Grove Richard , Green imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the origins of environmentalism 1600–1860 (Cambridge, 1995); Corvol Andrée (ed.), La Nature en revolution 1750–1800 (Paris, 1993); and Drayton Richard , Nature's government: Science, imperial Britain and the “improvement” of the world (New Haven, 2000).

Porter , Making of geology (ref. 7), 238.

Porter , “Terraqueous globe” (ref. 7), 313.

Young Arthur , “Conduct of experiments in agriculture”, Annals of agriculture, v (1786), 17–46.

Porter Roy , English society in the eighteenth century (Harmondsworth, 1982), 56.

Denis Gilles , “La representation de la maladie des plantes”, in Corvol (ed.), Nature en revolution (ref. 7), 94–106, p. 94.

Young , “Conduct of experiments” (ref. 10), 20–21.

Porter , English society (ref. 11), 221.

Tull Jethro , New horse houghing husbandry (London, 1731), pp. xxvi, 115, 124.

Thompson E. P. , Customs in common (London, 1991), 140, and McNeil Maureen , Under the banner of science: Erasmus Darwin and his age (Manchester, 1987), 186.

Lehmann William , Henry Home, Lord Kames and the Scottish Enlightenment (The Hague, 1971), 111; Kames Lord , The gentleman farmer (Edinburgh, 1776), 284–5; Smith Adam , An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776; 4 vols, Edinburgh, 1814), ii, 55; and Thompson , Customs in common (ref. 16), 281, n. 1.

Young , “Conduct of experiments” (ref. 10), 31.

Marshall William , Minutes of agriculture (London, 1783), “Digest”, 7, 35, 39–40. For Young as aerial chemist, see Gazley John G. , The life of Arthur Young (Philadelphia, 1973), 151–3.

Marshall , Minutes of agriculture (ref. 19), sig. b2v; Widmalm Sven , “Accuracy, rhetoric and technology: The Paris-Greenwich triangulation 1784–88”, in Frangsmyr Tore Heilbron J. L. Rider Robin E. (eds), The quantifying spirit in the eighteenth century (Berkeley, 1990), 179–206; and Edney Matthew , “Mathematical cosmography and the social ideology of British cartography 1780–1820”, Imago mundi, xlvi (1994), 101–16.

Hobsbawm Eric , “Capitalisme et agriculture: Les réformateurs écossais au 18e siècle”, Annales ESC, xxxiii (1978), 580–601, and Cregeen Eric , “The changing role of the House of Argyll in the Scottish Highlands”, in Phillipson N. T. Mitchison Rosalind (eds), Scotland in the age of improvement (Edinburgh, 1970), 5–23.

Porter , Making of geology (ref. 7), 110–11, 219; Porter , “Terraqueous globe” (ref. 7), 298.

Porter Roy , “The industrial revolution and the rise of the science of geology”, in Teich Mikuláš Young Robert (eds), Changing perspectives in the history of science: Essays in honour of Joseph Needham (London, 1972), 320–43, pp. 326, 342.

Porter , “Rise of the science of geology” (ref. 23), 323.

Phillips John , Memoirs of William Smith (London, 1844), 9–10, 16, and Hudson Kenneth , Patriotism with profit: British agricultural societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (London, 1972), 11–14.

Porter , Making of geology (ref. 7), 99, 132, 137, and Porter , “Rise of the science of geology” (ref. 23), 326.

Phillips , William Smith (ref. 25), 32–46, 77–79, and Porter , Making of geology (ref. 7), 179–80.

Porter , Making of geology (ref. 7), 105, and Thompson E. P. , The making of the English working class (Harmondsworth, 1968), 254. See Parssinnen T. M. , “Thomas Spence and the origins of English land nationalisation”, Journal of history of ideas, xxxiv (1973), 135–41, and Chase Malcolm , The people's farm: English radical agrarianism 1775–1840 (Oxford, 1988).

Thompson , Making of the English working class (ref. 28), 176–9, 254; McCalman Iain , Radical underworld: Prophets, revolutionaries and pornographers in London 1795–1840 (Cambridge, 1988), 99, and Porter , Enlightenment (ref. 2), 460.

Chase , The people's farm (ref. 28), 127–31.

Williams Raymond , Keywords (London, 1983), 219; Porter , “Terraqueous globe” (ref. 7), 324, and Porter , Enlightenment (ref. 2), 319. For agronomy's aftermath, see Wilmot , Business of improvement (ref. 7), and Krohn W. Schaefer W. , “The origins and structure of agricultural chemistry”, in Lemaine G. (eds), Perspectives on the emergence of scientific disciplines (Paris, 1976), 27–52.