Charles Hartt,Louis Agassiz,and the Controversy over Pleistocene Glaciation in Brazil

Branner John C. , “The supposed glaciation of Brazil”, The journal of geology, i (1893), 753–72.

Howorth Henry H. Sir , The glacial nightmare and the Flood: A second appeal to common sense from the extravagance of some recent geology (London, 1892).

Howorth , op. cit. (ref. 2), p. xii.

Manson Marsden , “Geological and solar climates: Their causes and variations” (Thesis, University of California, 1893), 30.

Manson , op. cit. (ref. 4), 32.

Rudwick Martin , “Geological travel and theoretical innovation: The role of ‘liminal’ experience”, Social studies of science, xxvi (1996), 143–59.

E.g., Agassiz Louis , Methods of study in natural history (Boston, 1863), 319; and Agassiz Louis , Geological sketches (Boston, 1866), 311.

For a good biography of Agassiz see Lurie E. , Louis Agassiz, a life in science (Chicago, Ill., 1960), 449.

See Brice William R. , “Charles Frederic Hartt (1840–1878): The early years”, Earth sciences history, xiii (1994), 160–7.

See Brice , op. cit. (ref. 9) for details of Hartt's early life.

Agassiz Louis Agassiz Elisabeth C. , A journey in Brazil (Boston, 1868; repr. New York, 1969).

Wilgus A. Curtis , “Introduction” to A journey in Brazil (ref. 11, 1969), p. v.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), p. v.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), p. vi.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), p. viii.

Marcou Jules , Life, letters, and works of Louis Agassiz (New York, 1896), ii, 155.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 15.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 15–16.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 16.

Agassiz Louis , “Glacial phenomena in Maine”, The Atlantic monthly, xix (1867), 211–20, 281–7; Carozzi Albert V. , “Introduction” to Geology and physical geography of Brazil by Ch. Fred. Hartt (Huntington, N.Y., 1975; reprint of 1870 edn).

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 18–19.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 33.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), footnote, 19.

Marcou , op. cit. (ref. 16), ii, 147.

Marcou , op. cit. (ref. 16), ii, 159.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 70.

Charles Frederic Hartt to Louis Agassiz, 9 November 1865, Hartt Papers, MD, WRP Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C. [hereafter: Hartt Papers].

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 86.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 86.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 87–88.

Translations from the original Portuguese are by Silvia Figueirôa.

de Capanema Guilherme S. , Decomposição dos penedos no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1866).

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 3.

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 32.

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 13.

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 3.

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 4.

Capanema , op. cit. (ref. 32), 4.

Charles Frederic Hartt to Louis Agassiz, 7 July 1865, Hartt Papers.

Revista do Instituto Historico e Geográfico do Brazil, xxix (1866), 421; apud Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1), 766.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 88.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 86–89.

Hartt to Agassiz Louis , 14 July 1865, Hartt Papers.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 88.

Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11), 150.

Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1), 754.

Hartt to Louis Agassiz, 9 November 1865, Hartt Papers.

Hartt to Bailey L. W. , 17 August 1866, Ganong Collection, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, N.B.

See de M. Figueirôa Silvia F. , “Charles Frederic Hartt and the ‘Geological Commission of Brazil’ (1875–1877)”, Earth sciences history, xiii (1994), 168–73.

Anonymous, “Lyceum of Natural History”, The American naturalist, i (1868), 623–4, p. 623.

Lurie , op. cit. (ref. 8), 353.

Carozzi , op. cit. (ref. 20).

Hartt to Lynde Lucy , 11 June 1868, Hartt Papers.

Hartt Charles F. , “On the geology of Brazil”, Journal of the American Geographical and Statistical Society of New York, ii (1870), 55–70, pp. 64–65, and footnote, p. 64.

Hartt , op. cit. (ref. 54), 65.

Hartt , op. cit. (ref. 54), 66, and footnote, p. 66.

Hartt , op. cit. (ref. 54), 70.

Hartt to Lynde Lucy (ref. 53).

Hartt Charles F. , “A vacation trip to Brazil”, The American naturalist, i (1868), 642–51, pp. 649–50.

For details about Hartt's career at Cornell see Brice William R. , Cornell geology through the years (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989).

Louis Agassiz [signature removed from the letter] to Hartt, 11 January 1868, Hartt Collection, A & M Dept., Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. [hereafter: Hartt Collection].

Hunt T. Sterry to Hartt , 19 October 1869, Hartt Collection.

Hunt T. Sterry to Hartt , 12 April 1870, Hartt Collection.

Hunt T. Sterry to Hartt , 30 May 1870, Hartt Collection.

See Brice , op. cit. (ref. 60) for details.

Hartt Charles F. , Amazonian tortoise myths (Rio de Janeiro, 1875), 1.

Hartt to Newberry, published as: Hartt Charles F. , “Letter to Professor Newberry from Ch. Fred. Hartt”, Proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History — New York City, 1870, 90–91.

See Carozzi , op. cit. (ref. 20), 16–17.

Hartt Charles F. , Geology and physical geography of Brazil — Thayer Expedition: Scientific results of a journey in Brazil by Louis Agassiz and his traveling companions (Boston, 1870), 620.

Orton James , “On the valley of the Amazon”, Proceedings of the American Advancement of Science Society, xviii (1869), 195–6; and Orton James , “On the evidence of a glacial epoch at the equator”, The annals and magazine of natural history, viii (1871), 297–305.

Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1).

Hartt , op. cit. (ref. 69), 493.

Campbell Ian Hutchinson David , “A question of priorities: Forbes, Agassiz, and their disputes on glacier observations”, Isis, lxix (1979), 388–99.

Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1).

Carozzi , op. cit. (ref. 20).

Hartt Charles F. , “Recent exploration in the valley of the Amazonas, with map”, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, iii (1872), 231–52, pp. 236 and 252.

Hartt Charles F. , “Amazonian drift”, American journal of science and arts, ser. 3, i (1871), 294–6, p. 295; written at Cornell University, 23 February 1871.

Orton , op. cit. (ref. 70).

Agassiz Louis , “Physical history of the valley of the Amazons”, The Atlantic monthly, xviii (1866), 159–69; and Agassiz , op. cit. (ref. 11).

Hartt Charles F. , “On the Tertiary basin of the Marañon”, The American journal of science and arts, ser. 3, iv (1872), 53–58, p. 58, including footnote.

Hartt , op. cit. (ref. 80), 58.

Hartt Charles F. , “Morgan Expeditions, 1870–71: Preliminary report”, Bulletin, Cornell University, science, i (1874), 1–10, p. 10.

See Figueirôa , op. cit. (ref. 49).

Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1), 756.

See Agassiz Louis , “Prof. Agassiz's South American observations”, The popular science monthly, i (1872), 505; Agassiz Louis , “A communication presented to the National Academy of Sciences at Washington at its annual meeting April 16, 1872, from Prof. Agassiz, dated Montevideo, Feb. 26, 1872”, Nature, vi (1872), 69; Agassiz Louis , “Professor Agassiz's South American Expedition”, Nature, vi (1872), 216, 229–31 and 270–2; Agassiz Louis , “The Hassler Glacier”, The Atlantic monthly, xxx (1872), 472–8.

See Branner , op. cit. (ref. 1); Branner John C. , “Rock inscriptions in Brazil”, The American naturalist, xviii (1884), 1187–92; Branner John C. , “Editorial”, Journal of geology, iv (1896), 630–1; Branner John C. , “Decomposition of rock in Brazil”, Geological Society of America bulletin, vii (1896), 255–314.

Carozzi , op. cit. (ref. 20).

Vargas Milton , “Louis Agassiz and the story of geological surface formations in Brazil”, Quipu, viii (1991), 379–88, p. 388.

White I. C. , “Relatório final” (Commissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 1908).

Rudwick , op. cit. (ref. 6).