Plants as a Source of Antimalarial Drugs

Spencer CF Koniuszy FR Rogers EF Shavel J Jr Easton NR Kaczka EA Survey of plants for antimalarial activity. Lloydia 1947; 10: 145–74.

Çubukçu B Bray DH Warhurst DC Mericli AH Ozhatay N Sariyar G. In vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and compounds from Artemisia abrotanum. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 203–4.

de Almeida Barbosa L-C Cutler D Mann J Kirby GC Warhurst DC . Synthesis of some stable ozonides with antimalarial activity. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1992; 24: 3253–4.

Jefford CW . 1,2,4-trioxanes, the chemistry of a new class of saturated oxygen heterocycles. In: Simandi LI , ed. Dioxygen Activation and Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1991:555–64.

Jefford CW McGoran EC Boukouvalas J Richardson G Robinson BL Peters W. Synthesis of new 1,2,4-trioxanes and their antimalarial activity. Helvetica Chimica Acta 1988; 71: 1805–12.

Peters W Robinson BL Tovey G Rossier JC Jefford CW . The chemotherapy of rodent malaria, L. The activities of some synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasites. Part 3: Observations on ‘fenozan-50’, a difluorinated 3,3′-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane. Ann Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 111–23.

Elford BC Roberts MF Phillipson JD Wilson RJM . Potentiation of the antimalarial activity of qinghaosu by methoxylated flavones. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987; 81: 434–6.

François G Bringmann G Phillipson JD Assi Aké L Dochez C Rübenacker M Activity of extracts and naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from Triphyophyllum peltatum, Ancistrocladus abbreviatus and A. barteri against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Phytochemistry 1994; 35: 1461–4.

Ratsimamanga-Urverg S Rasoanaivo P Ramiaramanana L Milijaona R Rafatro H Verdier F In vitro antimalarial activity and chloroquine-potentiating action of two bisbenzylisoquinoline enantiomer alkaloids isolated from Strychnopsis thouarsii and Spirospermum penduliflorum. Planta Medica 1992; 58:540–3.

Ratsimamanga-Urverg S Rasoanaivo P Robijaona B Rakoto-Ratsimamanga A. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and chloroquine-potentiating action of three new isoquinoline alkaloid dimers isolated from Hernandia voyronii Jumelle. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1994; 88: 271–7.

Rasoanaivo P Ratsimamanga-Urverg S Milijaona R Rafotro H Rakoto-Ratsimamanga A Galeffi C In vitro and in vivo chloroquine-potentiating action of Strychnos myrtoides alkaloids against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium malaria. Planta Medica 1994; 60:13–16.

O'Neill MJ Bray DH Boardman P Chan KL Phillipson JD Warhurst DC Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs. 4. Activity of Brucea javanica fruits against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 41–8.

Anon . Foziling antimalaria medical team Yiwu Shenguo (Medical Life) 1953; 6:10.

Al-Khayat AHA Kirby GC Warhurst DC Phillipson JD . In vitro antimalarial effects of some protein synthesis inhibitors in combination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hvg 1991; 85: 310.

Kirby GC O'Neill MJ Phillipson JD Warhurst DC . In vitro studies on the mode of action of quassinoids with activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38: 4367–74.

Ekong RM Kirby GC Patel G Phillipson JD Warhurst DC . Comparison of the in vitro activities of quassinoids with activity against Plasmodium falciparum, anisomycin, and some other inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40: 297–301.

Whaun JM Brown ND . Treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria with esters of cephalotaxine: Homoharringtonine. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1990; 84: 229–37.

Allen D Kirby GC Phillipson JD Toth I Warhurst DC Wright CW . Enhancement of selective toxicity of brusatol by derivatisation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 377.

Allen D Toth I Wright CW Phillipson JD Kirby GC Warhurst DC . In vitro antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of semisynthetic derivatives of brusatol. Eur J Med Chem 1993; 28: 265–9.

Patel G O'Neill MJ Boardman P Phillipson JD Kirby GC Warhurst DC . Selective etherification of quassinoids and their in vitro antimalarial activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:90P.

Patel G Kirby GC Allen D Anderson MM Phillipson JD Warhurst DC . Antimalarial activity of 3-methoxy-ethoxymethyl brusatol, an etherified quassinoid. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85: 316.

Lang'at CC Watt RA Phillipson JD Kirby GC Warhurst DC . In vitro studies on the mode of action of quassinoid analogues against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46(Suppl 2):1062.

Kirby GC Anderson MM Allen D Patel G O'Neill MJ Warhurst DC Structure activity relationships in antimalarial quassinoids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 369.

Marshall SJ Russell PF Wright CW Anderson MM Phillipson JD Kirby GC In vitro antimalarial, antiamoebic and cytotoxic activities of a series of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:96–103.

Ekong RM Partridge SJ Anderson MM Kirby GC Warhurst DC Russell PF Plasmodium falciparum: Effects of phaeanthine, a naturally-occurring bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, on chloroquine-resistant and sensitive parasites in vitro, and its influence on chloroquine activity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1991; 85:205–13.

Kirby GC Warhurst DC Ekong RM Al-Khayat AHA Marshall SJ Allen D The dangers of mixing ‘drugs’. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1995; 89: 192.

Chawira AN Warhurst DC . The effect of artemisinin combined with standard antimalarials against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 90: 1–8.

Chawira AN Warhurst DC Robinson BL Peters W. The effect of combinations of qinghaosu (artemisinin) with standard antimalarial drugs in the suppressive treatment of malaria in mice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987; 81: 554–8.

Kirby GC Noamese BK Paine A Warhurst DC Phillipson JD . In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of cryptolepine, a plant-derived indoloquinoline. Phytother Res 1995; 9: 359–63.

Kirby GC Warhurst DC . Antimalarial activity of the antihistamine drug terfenadine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 343.

Kirby GC Ekong RM Keter DW Midgeley JM Phillipson JD Warhurst DC . Antiplasmodial activity in vivo of ciprofloxacin: Mus musculus versus Mesocricetus auratus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88: 375.

Khumalo-Ngwenya NB Kirby GC Warhurst DC Allen D Phillipson JD . In vitro evaluation of the antimalarial activity of two proprietary Chinese herbal preparations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 342–3.

Kirby GC Khumalo-Ngwenya NB Warhurst DC Grawehr Brartur OSB Fison TW Phillipson JD . Antimalarial activity of ‘mhekara’ (Uapaca nitida [Müll. Arg]), a Tanzanian medicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 40: 47–51.

Hooper M Kirby GC Kulkarni MM Kulkarni SN Nagasampagi BA O'Neill MJ The antimalarial activity of parthenin and its derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1990; 25: 717–23.