Chloroquine Retinopathy

Easterbrook M. Ocular effects and safety of antimalarial agents. Am J Med. 1988; 85 (4A): 23–9

Bernstein HN . Ophthalmologic considerations and testing in patients receiving long-term antimalarial therapy. Am J Med. 1983; 75 (1A): 25–34

Francois J. Ocular manifestations of chloroquine intoxication. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1964; 84: 407

Lal S Gupta A. Lenticular deposits associated with chloroquine keratopathy. Ind Ophthalmol 1974; 22 (2): 34–5

Francois J Maudgal MC . Experimentally induced chloroquine retinopathy in rabbts. Am J Ophthalmol 1976; 64 (5): 886–93

Ivanina TA Sakina NL Lebedeva MN Borovjagin VL . A study of the mechanisms of chloroquine retinopathy. II. Chloroquine effect on protein synthesis of retina. Ophthalm Res. 1989; 21 (3): 272–7

Ivanina TA Sakina NL Lebedeva MN Borovyagin VL . A study of the mechanisms of chloroquine retinopathy. I. Chloroquine effect on lipid peroxidation of retina. Ophthalm Res. 1989; 21 (3): 216–20

Elner V Schaffner T Taylor K Glagov S. Immunophagocytic properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Science 1981; 211: 74–6

Lie S Schofield B. Inactivation of lysosomal function in normal cultured human fibroblasts by chloroquine. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22: 3109–14

Kurnick J Radcliffe I. Reaction between DNA and quinacrine and other antimalarials. J Lab Clin Med. 1962; 60: 669

Ogola ES Muita AK Adala H. Chloroquine related complete heart block with blindness: case report. E Afr Med J 1992; 69 (1): 50–2

Ihenacho HN Magulike E. Chloroquine abuse and heart block in Africans. Australian NZ J Med. 1989; 19 (1): 17–21

Mackenzie AH Scherbel AL . A decade of chloroquine maintenance therapy: rate of administration governs incidence of retinotoxicity (abstr.). Arthritis Rheum 1968; 11: 496

Marks JS . Chloroquine retinopathy: is there a safe daily dose? Ann Rheum Dis. 1982; 41 (1): 52–8

Mackenzie AH . Antimalarial drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1983; 75 (6A): 48–58

Bernstein HN Dikstein S , Eds. In Ocular side effects of drugs. In: Drugs and Ocular Tissues. Basel: Karger; 1977; 560–643

Nylander U. Ocular damage in chloroquine therapy. Acta Ophthalmol 1966; 44: 3

Mackenzie AH Scherbel AL . Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatological therapy. Clin Rheum Dis. 1980; 6: 545–66

Lange WR Frankenfield DL Moriatry-Sheehan M Contoreggi CS Frame JD . No evidence for chloroquine-associated retinopathy among missionaries on long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 51 (4): 389–92

Stilma JS . Chloroquine retinopathy in a rural hospital in Ghana. Trop Geograph Med. 1980; 32 (3): 221–3

Bernstein HN Zvaifler N Rubin M Mansour AM . The ocular deposition of chloroquine. Invest Ophthalmol 1963; 2: 384

Bernstein HN Ginsberg J. The pathology of chloroquine retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1964; 71: 238

Mackenzie AH Scherbel AL . Light may provide energy for retinal damage during chloroquine treatment. Arthritis Rheum 1968; 11: 496–7

Legros J Rosner I Berger C. Influence de niveau d'eclairement ambiant sur les modifications oculaires induites par l'hydroxychloroquine chez le rat. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 33: 417–27

Potts AM . Further studies concerning the accumulation of polycyclic compounds on uveal melanin. Invest Ophthalmol 1964; 3: 399–404

Young P Brosnan DI . Simple tests for the early detection of retinopathy due to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine [Abstract]. In: Tenth Scientific Interim Session of American Rheumatism Association, 6–7 December 1963. USA: ARA