Bias in epidemiology: Evolution of concepts and implications for research validity

Abstract

View all access options for this article.

Porta

. A dictionary of epidemiology. 6th ed. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Sackett

. Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 1979; 32: 51–63.

Greenland

Pearl

Robins

. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 37–48.

Westreich

. Berkson’s bias, selection bias, and missing data. Epidemiology 2012; 23: 159–164.

Griffith

Morris

Tudball

, et al. Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and severity. Nat Commun 2020; 11: 5749.

Nunan

Aronson

Bankhead

. Catalogue of bias: attrition bias. BMJ EBM 2018; 23: 21–22.

Mlinarić

Horvat

Šupak Smolčić

. Dealing with the positive publication bias: why you should really publish your negative results. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2017; 27: 030201.

Ioannidis

JPA

. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e124.