Human metapneumovirus (HMPV): Clinical and public health insights from the recent global resurgence

Abstract

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an emerging respiratory pathogen causing infections across various age groups, particularly among children, the elderly, and immuno-compromised individuals. The recent surge of cases reported in late 2024 and early 2025 across Asia, Europe, and North America highlights its re-emergence as a pathogen of global concern. Laboratory confirmation, particularly using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, remains the gold standard for diagnosis, while antigen detection and serology have supplementary roles. No licensed antivirals or vaccines are currently available, and management remains largely supportive, although ribavirin and intravenous immune globulin have been trialled in select severe cases. Strengthened surveillance networks, including WHO influenza-like illness/severe acute respiratory infections monitoring and national programmes, are crucial for early detection and control. This review provides an overview of HMPV's virology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies, with emphasis on the recent global resurgence and the need for continued vigilance and research.