This study was conducted to assess outcomes of propeller flaps for reconstruction of small- to medium-sized defects in the distal third of the leg. Of 53 lower third leg defects covered using the propeller flap, 43 survived without complications. Only minor complications were seen and no flap was lost completely. The propeller flap is thus a safe option for medium-sized defects of the lower leg.
MendietaMCabreraRSiuA, et al.Perforator propeller flaps for the coverage of middle and distal leg soft-tissue defects. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open2018; 6: e1759–e1759.
2.
El-SaadiMMKhashabaAA. Three anteromedial fasciocutaneous leg island flaps for covering defects of the lower two-thirds of the leg. Br J Plast Surg1990; 43: 536–540.
3.
ShalabyHAHigaziMMandourS, et al.Distally based medial island septocutaneous flap for repairof soft-tissue defects of the lower leg. Br J Plast Surg1991; 44: 175–178.
4.
KishkTFElbarahAMElsheikhYM, et al.The assessment of the clinical applications of propeller flaps of the lower leg. Menoufia Med J2016; 29: 580–586.
5.
BekaraFHerlinCSomdaS, et al.Free versus perforator-pedicled propeller flaps in lower extremity reconstruction: what is the safest coverage? A meta analysis. Microsurgery2018; 38: 109–119.
6.
BravoFGSchwarzeHP. Free-style local perforator flaps: concept and classification system. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg2009; 62: 602–609.
7.
CullifordAT4thSpectorJBlankA, et al.The fate of lower extremities with failed free flaps: a single institution's experience over 25 years. Ann Plast Surg2007; 59: 18–22.
8.
GirPChengAOniG, et al.Pedicled-perforator (propeller) flaps in lower extremity defects: a systematic review. J Reconstr Microsurg2012; 28: 595–602.
9.
GeorgescuAV. Propeller perforator flaps in distal lower leg: evolution and clinical applications. Arch Plast Surg2012; 39: 94–105.
HallockGG. The propeller flap version of the adductor muscle perforator flap for coverage of ischial or trochanteric pressure sores. Ann Plast Surg2006; 56: 540–542.
12.
BlondeelPNVan LanduytKHMonstreySJ, et al.The “Gent” consensus on perforator flap terminology: preliminary definitions. Plast Reconstr Surg2003; 112: 1378–1387.
13.
D’ArpaSToiaFPirrelloR, et al.Propeller flaps: a review of indications, technique, and results. BioMed Res Int2014; 2014: 986829–986829.
14.
ChaputBBertheuilNGrolleauJL, et al.Comparison of propeller perforator flap and venous supercharged propeller perforator flap in reconstruction of lower limb soft tissue defect: a prospective study. Microsurgery2018; 38: 177–184.
15.
TeoTC. Perforator local flaps in lower limb reconstruction. Cir Plast Ibero Lat Am2006; 32: 15–16.
16.
WongCHCuiFTanBK, et al.Nonlinear finite element simulations to elucidate the determinants of perforator patency in propeller flaps. Ann Plast Surg2007; 59: 672–678.
17.
TolhurstDEHaesekerBZeemanRJ. The development of the fasciocutaneous flap and its clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg1983; 71: 597–606.
18.
DonskiPKFogdestamI. Distally based fasciocutaneous flap from the sural region. A preliminary report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg1983; 17: 191–196.
19.
Saint-CyrMWongCSchaverienM, et al.The perforasome theory: vascular anatomy and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg2009; 124: 1529–1544.
20.
TaylorGICorlettRJCaddyCM, et al.An anatomic review of the delay phenomenon: II. Clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg1992; 89: 408–416.
21.
TeoTC. The propeller flap concept. Clin Plast Surg2010; 37: 615–616.
22.
YasirMWaniAHZargarHR. Ergonomics and biogeometry of perforator/propeller flaps in the lower limb reconstruction. World J Plast Surg2017; 6: 238–242.
23.
SchonauerFLa RuscaIDiMontaG, et al.Choosing the correct sense of rotation in 180 degrees propeller flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg2008; 61: 1492–1492.
24.
SongSJeongHHLeeY, et al.Direction of flap rotation in propeller flaps: does it really matter?. J Reconstr Microsurg2019; 35: 549–556.
25.
PignattiMPasqualiniMGovernaM, et al.Propeller flaps for leg reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg2008; 61: 777–783.
26.
ChangSMZhangFYuGR, et al.Modified distally based peroneal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of foot and ankle. Microsurgery2004; 24: 430–436.
27.
KeleşMKDemİrAKüçükerI, et al.The effect of twisting on single and double based perforator flap viability: an experimental study in rats. Microsurgery2014; 34: 464–469.
28.
TaylorGIPalmerJH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg1987; 40: 113–141.
