Preventing the Vertical Transmission of HIV: Options for Resource-Rich,Resource-Limited and Resource-Poor Settings

Brossard Y Aubin JT Mandelbrot L Frequency of early in utero HIV-1 infection: a blind DNA polymerase chain reaction study on 100 fetal thymuses. AIDS 1995;9:359–66.

Owens DK Holodniy M McDonald TW Scott J Sonnad S . A meta-analytic evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of HIV infection in infants. JAMA 1996;275:1342–8.

Chouquet C Richardson S Burgard M Blanche S Mayaux MJ Rouzioux C Costagliola D . Timing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission from mother to child: bayesian estimation using a mixture. Stat Med 1999;18:815–33.

Ekpini ER Wiktor SZ Satten GA Late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Lancet 1997;349:1054–9.

Miotti PG Taha TE Kumwenda NI HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a study in Malawi. JAMA 1999;282:744–9.

The European Collaborative Study. Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1992;339:1007–12.

Dunn DT Newell M-L Ades AE Peckham C . Estimates of the risk of HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding. Lancet 1992;340:585–8.

Garcia PM Kalish LA Pitt J Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:394–402.

Ghys PD Fransen K Kiallo MO The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AIDS 1997;11:F85–93.

The International Perinatal HIV Group. Duration of ruptured membranes and vertical transmission of HIV-1: a meta-analysis from 15 prospective cohort studies. AIDS 2001;15:357–68.

The European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarian-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1999;353:1035–9.

The International Perinatal HIV Group. Mode of delivery and vertical transmission of HIV-1: A meta-analysis from fifteen prospective cohort studies. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977–87.

Cliffe S Tookey PA Nicoll A . Antenatal detection of HIV: national surveillance and unlinked anonymous survey. BMJ 2001;323:376–7.

WHO briefing notes for UNGASS on HIV/AIDS. In: De Zoysa I , Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection, WHO/HIV-AIDS/BN/2001.1. Geneva: WHO, 2001 [www.UNAIDS.org].

Connor EM Sperling RS Gelber R Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173–80.

Mandelbrot L Landreau-Mascaro A Rekacewicz C Lamivudine-zidovudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. JAMA 2001;285:2083–93.

Blattner W Cooper E Charurat M Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on reducing perinatal transmission of HIV. The XIII International AIDS Conference, 9–14 July 2000, Durban RSA.

Wade NA Birkhead GS Warren BL Abbreviated regimens of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1409–14.

The Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (Interim Report) 1 Jan 1989–31 Jul 2000. Wilmington: USA Registry Project Office, 2000.

The European Collaborative Study and the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study. Combination antiretroviral therapy and duration of pregnancy. AIDS 2000;14:2913–20.

Lyall EGH Blott M deRuiter A Guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women and the prevention of mother to child transmission. HIV Med 2001;2:314–34.

Shaffer N Chuachoowong R Mock PA Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:773–80.

Lallemant M Jourdain G Le Coeur S A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type I. N Engl J Med 2000;343:982–91.

Eastman PS Shapiro DE Coombs RW Maternal viral genotypic zidovudine resistance and infrequent failure of zidovudine therapy to prevent perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076. J Infect Dis 1998;177:557–64.

Biggar RJ Miotti PG Taha TE Perinatal intervention trial in Africa: effect of a birth canal cleansing intervention to prevent HIV transmission. Lancet 1996;347:1647–50.

Taha TE Biggar RJ Broadhead RL Effect of cleansing the birth canal with antiseptic solution on maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Malawi: clinical trial. BMJ 1997;315:216–19, 220.

Fawzi WW Msamanga GI Hunter D Randomised trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding and mortality in the first two years of life. The 3rd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants 9–13 Sept 2001, Kampala, Uganda [Abstract].

Wiktor SV Ekpini E Karon JM Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:781–5.

Ditrame ANRS 049 Study Group. 15-month efficacy of maternal oral zidovudine to decrease vertical transmission of HIV-1 in breastfed African children. Lancet 1999;354:2050–1.

Gray G . The PETRA study: early and late efficacy of three short ZDV/3TC combination regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The XIII International AIDS Conference, 9–14 July 2000, Durban, RSA (LbOr5).

Guay LA Musoke P Fleming T Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:795–802.

Owor M Deseyve M Dueifeld C The one year safety and efficacy data of the HIVNET 012 trial. The XIII International AIDS Conference, 9–14 July 2000, Durban, RSA (LbOrl).

Mirochnick M Dorenbaum A Blanchard S Pre-dose infant nevirapine concentration with the two dose intrapartum-infant NVP regime. The 3rd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants, 9–13 Sept 2001, Kampala, Uganda [Abstract].

Stringer JSA Sinkala M Goldenberg RL A prospective comparison of two strategies for perinatal nevirapine administration in Zambia. The 3rd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants, 9–13 Sept 2001, Kampala, Uganda. [Abstract].

Nduati R John G Mbori-Ngacha D Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomised clinical trial. JAMA 2000;283:1167–74.

Coutsoudis A Pillay K Kuhn L Spooner E Tsai WY Coovadia HM . Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS 2001;15:379–87.

Nduati R Mbori-Ngacha D Kalibala S Mwai C Rutenberg N . Breast feeding practice among women who access health care at PMTCT sites in Kenya. The 3rd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants, 9–13 Sept 2001, Kampala, Uganda [Abstract].

Shetty AK Winston SW Coovadia HM Maldonado Y Abdool Karim S , Mirochnick M for the HIVNET 023 Study Team. HIVNET 023-a phase 1/11 study of the safety and plasma concentrations of nevirapine given daily, twice weekly, or weekly as HIV prophylaxis in breast feeding infants from birth to 24 weeks in Durban, South Africa and Harare, Zimbabwe. The 3rd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants, 9–13 Sept 2001, Kampala, Uganda [Abstract].