Abstract
The present paper compares the progress of elementary education in high literacy states, viz. Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Mizoram and critically examines the current status using DISE data. It highlights the contributing factors and circumstances responsible for the educational growth of these three states. Kerala has achieved almost the goal of universalisation of elementary education and the States of Himachal Pradesh and Mizoram have traversed a great path in this direction. In quantitative terms all the states have made a resounding success which is evident from the figures on literacy rates, enrolment ratio, transition rates, etc. Active role of Christian missionaries, affirmative actions of the State as well as the community support have been the fuelling force for this significant mileage. In Kerala the contribution of missionaries, activists, reform movements especially among the backward classes, working class and the peasantry mobilisation have led to the rise in literacy level and enrolment of children. In Mizoram, too the activities of the Christian missionaries and the state initiative have been instrumental in improving the literacy level, schooling facilities and enrolments. Contrary to this, in Himachal Pradesh the State commitment towards education for all with a focus on disadvantaged groups and backward areas has brought the schooling revolution. Besides, parental awareness, community involvement and greater investment in education have facilitated the more equitable educational growth in the state. The paper argues that the pathways to achieve UEE differ significantly from state to state and no single pathway can be considered to produce results. The pathways and strategies may have to be evolved in tandem with local conditions.
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