Amenity migration has become an important force for change in non-metropolitan high amenity places around the world. Here the focus is on these places in mountain regions that attract permanent and part-time residents because of their comparatively rich concentrations of the earth's remaining natural environment and differentiated culture. Drawing on their own and others’ research and related community development experience, amenity migration, and its dependent economic migration, is identified and their socio-cultural, economic and biophysical effects are described. Although this migration has brought benefits to mountain regions, with exceptions, its characteristic result to date has been a degrading of mountain ecologies along with a complex mixture of positive and negative socio-cultural and economic outcomes. The public, private and volunteer sectors responses to this phenomenon are outlined, and the authors go on to suggest that the benefits of amenity migration could be greater, if this phenomenon was much better understood and managed for ecological sustainability. At the same time, its present negative effects could be reduced or reversed. Strategic analysis, a methodology that was instrumental in formulating the amenity migration construct described here, is explained and this framework and analytical method are proposed for managing amenity migration in mountain regions. The paper also discusses amenity migration in economically developing countries and its relationship to indigenous peoples. However, the very little information available to date on these two subjects has handicapped this objective. In closing the authors suggest research priorities for amenity migration in mountain regions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agoyo, H. and Moss, L.A.G. 2006. Ohkay Owingeh First Capital Heritage Centre, Santa Fe, NM: International Amenity Migration Centre.
2.
BartoS, M., KusOvá, D., and TiSitel, J.2005. Amenity Migration and Tourism. In: Hasman, M., áittler, E. (eds.) Sustainable Development and Tourism, Tabor: Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Travel Trade of Tabor, pp 7-21.
3.
Beuret, J.E. and Kovacshazy. M.C.2005. Rural Amenities Policies: Future Stakes. In: Green, G.P., Deller, S.C., Marcouiller, D.W. (eds.) Amenities and Rural Development: Theory, Methods and Public Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 33-47.
4.
Biéík, I., Vágner, J., and Fialová, D.2001. Second Homes in the Czech Republic[In Czech], Prague: Charles University.
5.
Billy, J.R.2006. Cultural Survival and Environmental Degradation in the Mountains of the Secwepemc. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-148.
6.
Brehm, J.M., Eisenhauer, B.W. and Krannich, R.S.2004. Dimensions of Community Attachment and Their Relationship to Well-being in the Amenity-rich Rural West, Rural Sociology (69) 3, 405-429.
7.
Buckley, R., Sander, N.Ollenburg, C. and Warnken, J.2006. Green Change: Inland Amenity Migration in Australia. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-278.
8.
Callen, K.T., Houngwei, N., Kham, K” Shaofeng, H., Songtao, W., Sunkar, A., Than, U.T. and Xing, W.1993. Stategic Analysis of the Amenity Migration in the Chiang Mai Bioregion. Project report, Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology.
9.
Chaverri, P.P.2006. Cultural and Environmental Amenities in Peri-urban Change: The Case of San Antonio de Escazú, Costa Rica. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-187.
10.
Chipeniuk, R.2006. Planning for Amenity Migration in Communities of the British Columbia Hinterland. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-163.
11.
Clark, T.2006. Paradise's Closing Door: Dynamics of Residential Exclusion in Mountain Regions. In: Clark, T., Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation, pp. Cognizant Communications Corporation-148.
12.
Clark, T., Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) 2006. Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation.
13.
Dearien, C, Rudzitis, G. and Hintz. J. 2005. The Role of Wilderness and Public Land Amenities in Explaining Migration and Rural Development in the American Northwest. In: Green, G.R, Deller, S.C., and Marcouiller, D.W. (eds.) Amenities and Rural Development: Theory, Methods and Public Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. Edward Elgar-113.
14.
Deller, S.C., Marcouiller, D.W., English, B.K., and Lledo, V.2005. Regional Economic Growth with a Focus on Amenities. In: Green, G R, Deller, S.C., and Marcouiller, D.W. (eds.) Amenities and Rural Development: Theory, Methods and Public Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. Edward Elgar-129.
15.
Dimaculangan (Glorioso), R.S.G. 1993. Key Policy Implications for Strategic Use of Amenity Resources: A Study of Longer-term Amenity Migration, Baguio bioregion, the Philippines [M. Sc. thesis], Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.
16.
Dixon, D., Murray, J., and Gelatt, J.2006. America's Emigrants: US Retirement Migration to Mexico and Panama, Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
17.
Duane, T.1999. Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture and Conflict in the Changing West. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
18.
Ewert, F., Hansen, A., and Greenwood, G.2005. Changes of Land Use. In: Global Change Impacts in Mountain Biosphere Reserves, Paris: UNESCO, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, pp. UNESCO, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences-151.
19.
Flognfeldt. T., Jr. 2006. Second Homes, Work Commuting and Amenity Migrants in Norway's Mountain Areas. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-232.
20.
Garber-Yonts, B.E.2004. The Economics of Amenities and Migration in the Pacific Northwest: Review of Selected Literature with Implications for National Forest Management. General Technological Report PNW-GTR-617, Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
21.
Gill, A. and Clark, T.2006. Must Global Trump Local: Concluding Thoughts on Resort Planning in the Global Era. In: Clark, T., Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation, pp. Cognizant Communications Corporation-321.
22.
Gill, A. and Williams, P.2006. Corporate Responsibility and Place: The Case of Whistler, British Columbia. In: Clark, T., Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation, pp. Cognizant Communications Corporation-26.
23.
Glass, W.R.2006. A Brief History of Amenity Migration in the Adirondack Mountains. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-175.
24.
Glick, D. and Alexander, B. 2000) Development by Default, not Design: Yellowstone National Park and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. In: Machlis, G.E. and Field, D.R. (eds.) National Parks and Rural Development, Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. Island Press-181.
25.
Glorioso, R.S.1999. Amenity Migration in the §umava Bioregion, Czech Republic: Implications for ecological integrity. In: Godde, P., Price, M.F., and Zimmermann, F.M. (eds.) Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-275.
26.
Glorioso, R.S.2001. The Role of Amenity Migration in Amenity Landscape Conservation Strategy: With implications for Mountain Tourism and Ecological Integrity in an Information Society. The Cases of Baguio Bioregion, Philippines and Sumava bioregion, Czech Republic [PhD dissertation], Prague and Éeské Budijovice, Czech Republic: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
27.
Glorioso, R.S.2006. A Bioregion in Jeopardy: The Strategic Challenge of Amenity Migration in Baguio, the Philippines. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-261.
28.
Glorioso, R.S. and Moss, L.A.G.1994. Notes on Strategic Planning Methodology. Working Paper, Santa Fe, New Mexico: International Cultural Resources Institute.
29.
Glorioso, R.S. and Moss, L.A.G. 2006. Santa Fe, a Fading Dream: 1986 Profile and 2005 Postscript. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-73.
30.
Gobster, P.H. and Haight, R.G.2004. From Landscapes to Lots: Understanding and Managing Midwestern Landscape Change, Saint Paul, Minnesota: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station.
31.
Golding, S.A. and Van Auken, P.M.2006. Amenities and Inequality in Rural America: A Preliminary Spatial Analysis. A paper presented at the Population Association of America 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30-April 1, 2006, Madison: University of Wisconsin, Department of Rural Sociology.
32.
Graff, J. 2005. Economic Development in Environmental Economies of the Northern Greater Yellowstone Region. A paper presented to the National Parks Conservation Association, Bozeman: Montana State University, Department of Political Science. www.npca.org/northernrockies/gateways_yellowstone/Graff_Econ_YNP_2005.pdf; accessed on 26 January 2007.
33.
Green, G.P., Deller, S.C., and Marcouiller, D.W.2005. Amenities and Rural Development: Theory, Methods and Public Policy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
34.
Gustafson, H.2001. Retirement Migration and Transnational Lifestyles, Ageing and Society21, 371-394.
35.
Haas, W.H. Ill and Serow, W.J.1993. Amenity Retirement Migration Process: A Model and Preliminary Evidence, The Gerontologist (33)2, 212-220.
36.
Hall, CM. and Müller, D.K. (eds.) 2004. Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: Between Elite Landscape and Common Ground, Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
37.
Hall, CM. and Williams, A.M. (eds.) 2002. Tourism and Migration: New Relationships Between Production and Consumption, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
38.
Heimlich, R.E. and Anderson, W.D. 2001. Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond: Impacts on Agriculture and Rural Land. Agricultural Economic Report No. 803, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer803; accessed 10 February 2007.
39.
Hewitt, K.2006. Anarchic Versus Dominating Agendas: Reflections on the ‘fitness’ of Eco-environmentalism in the Area of Development. In: Price, M.F. (ed.) Global Change in Mountain Regions, Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing, pp. Sapiens Publishing-5.
40.
Hoogendoorn, G. and Visser, G.2004. Second Homes and Small Town (re)development in the Case of Clarens, Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, 32: 105-115.
41.
Howe, J, McMahon, E., and Propst, L.1997. Balancing Nature and Commerce in Gateway Communities, Washington, DC: Island Press.
42.
Huber, U.M., Burgmann, H.K.M., and Reasner, M.A. (eds.) 2005. Global Change and Mountain Regions: An Overview of Current Knowledge, New York: Springer.
43.
Ingram, G.B. and Villa, F.2006. Tradeoffs in Conservation: Alternative Scenarios in Planning Networks of Protected Areas and Open Space, New York: Springer.
44.
Jauho, P.1994. Probabilistic Scenarios-A Possibility for Futures Research. In: Mannermaa, M., Inayatullah, S. and Slaughter, R. (eds.) Coherence and Chaos in Our Uncommon Futures: Visions, Means, Actions, Turku: Finland Futures Research Centre, Turku School of Economics and Business, pp. Finland Futures Research Centre, Turku School of Economics and Business-37.
45.
Jobes, P.C.2000. Moving Closer to Heaven: The Illusions and Disillusions of Migrants to Scenic Rural Places, Westport, CT, USA: Praeger.
46.
Johnson, J.2005. Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: The Economic Implications of Expanding into the Flathead Region of BC. Fernie, BC: The Rockies Network.
47.
Johnson, J. and Rasker, R.1995. The Role of Economic and Quality of Life Values in Rural Business Location, Journal of Rural Studies, 11(4), 405-416.
48.
Johnson, J., Maxwell, B., and Aspinall, R.2003. Moving Nearer to Heaven: Growth and Change in the Greater Yellowstone Region, USA. In: Buckley, R.TPickering, C. and Weaver, D.B. (eds.) Ecotourism Series No. 1: Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-77.
49.
Johnson, J., Maxwell, B., Brelsford, M., and Dougher, F.2006. Transportation and Rural Sprawl in Amenity Communities. In: Clark, T., Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation, pp. Cognizant Communications Corporation-294.
50.
Kandel, W.A. and Brown, D.L. (eds.) 2006. Population Change and Rural Society. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, vol. 16, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
51.
Krannich, R.S., Petrzelka, P. and Brehm, J.2006. Social Change and Well-being in Western Amenity-growth Communities. In: Kandel, W.A. and Brown, D.L. (eds.) Population Change and Rural Society. The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis, vol. 16, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
52.
Kruger, L.2006. Quality of Life Attributes Spur Growth in High Amenity Communities, Rural Connections, 1(3), 2-5.
53.
Löffler, R. and Steinicke, E.2006. Counterurbanisation and its Socio-economic Effects in High Mountain Area of the Sierra Nevada (California/Nevada), Mountain Research and Development, 26 (1), 64-71.
54.
Lorah, P.2006. Trustafarians and Rastafarians: What Mountain Towns can Learn from the Development Paths of High-end Caribbean Resorts. In: Clark, T, Gill, A., and Hartmann, R. (eds.) Mountain Resort Planning and Development in an Era of Globalisation, New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation, pp. Cognizant Communications Corporation-69.
55.
Lundström, C, Kytzia, S., Walz, A” Gret-Regamey, A., and Bebi, P.2006. ALPSCAPE -A Model for Scenario-based Simulations of the Future in Alpine Regions: Mountain Agriculture in Davos as a Case Study. In: Price, M.F. (ed.) Global Change in Mountain Regions, Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing, pp. Sapiens Publishing-245.
56.
Lynch, M.2006. ‘Too Much Love?’: The Environmental and Community Impacts of Amenity Migrants on Jackson Hole, Wyoming. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-94.
57.
Ma, A. and Chow, N.W.S. 2006. Economic Impact of Elderly Amenity Mobility in Southern China, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(4), 275-290.
58.
Matthews, M. 2004. I've Tried, But I Can't Eat the View: Missoula, Mont., like many Amenity-rich Western Towns is Becoming too Expensive for its Working Class Population, High Country News, June 7. www. hcn.org/servlets/hcn.article?article_id= 14803; accessed on 31 January 2007.
59.
McGranahan, D.A. 1999. Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, www.ers.udda.gov/publications/acr781/acr781.pdf; accessed 10 January 2004.
60.
McMillan, L.2006. Guiding Back From the Precipice: Leveraging the Power of Recreational Users to Protect Mountain Environments. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-34.
61.
Messerli, B. and Ivés, J.D. (eds.) 1997. Mountains of the World: A Global Priority, London and New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.
62.
Moore, S. R., Williams, P.W., and Gill, A.2006. Finding a Pad in Paradise: Amenity Migration Effects on Whistler, British Columbia. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-135.
63.
Moskowitz, K. 1999. Economic Contributions and Expenditures in the National Forests. Report prepared for the American Lands Alliance and the John Muir Project of Earth Island Institute, Washington, DC. www.forestadvocate.org/pdf/NF_Contributions_ Economic.pdf; accessed on 31 January 2007.
64.
Moss, L.A.G. 1986. Santa Fe, New Mexico, A Late Modern Amenity-based Economy: Myth or Model? Working paper, Santa Fe, New Mexico: International Cultural Resources Institute.
65.
Moss, L.A.G. 1994. Beyond Tourism: The Amenity Migrants. In: Mannermaa, M., Inayatullah, S. and Slaughter, R. (eds.) Coherence and Chaos in Our Uncommon Futures: Visions, Means, Actions, Turku: Finland Futures Research Centre, Turku School of Economics and Business, pp. Finland Futures Research Centre, Turku School of Economics and Business-121.
66.
Moss, L.A.G. 1999. Policy Issues Brief: Sustaining the Sierra Nevada Bioregion ‘s Integrity Under Growing Human Population Pressure, San Francisco, CA: The Public Policy Institute of California.
67.
Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) 2006.The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing.
68.
Moss, L.A.G. and Glorioso, R.S.1999. Baguio Bioregion, Philippines: Formulating a Strategy for Tourism, Amenity Migration and Urban Growth. In: Price, M.F., Wachs, T. and Byers, E. (eds.) Mountains of the World: Tourism and Sustainable Mountain Development, Berne, Switzerland: University of Berne, pp. University of Berne-32.
69.
Moss, L.A.G., TiSitel, J., Zemek, F., Bartos, M., Kusová, D., and Heman, M.1999. Tourism in Bioregional Context: Approaching Ecosystemic Practice in the Sumava, Czech Republic. In: Godde, P., Price, M.F. and Zimmermann, F.M. (eds.) Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. CAB International-85.
70.
Nelson, P.B.2006. Geographic Perspective on Amenity Migration Across the USA: National-, Regional-and Local-scale Analysis. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-56.
71.
Obermann, B., Carlson, D., and Batchelder, J. (eds.) 2000. Tracking Agricultural Land Conversion in Colorado, Lakewood, Colorado: Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service and Colorado Agricultural Statistics Service. www.ag.state.co.us/resource/documents/ag_conv_4%20pager_l.pdf; accessed on 25 January 2007.
72.
Ogilvy, J.A.2005. Creating Better Futures: Scenario Planning as a Tool for a Better Tomorrow, New York: Oxford University Press.
73.
Otero, A., Nakayama, L, Marioni, S., Gallego, E., Lonac, A., Dimitriu, A., González, R., and Hosid, C.2006. Amenity Migration in the Patagonian Mountain Community of San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina. In: L. A.G. Moss (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-200.
74.
Perlik, M.2006. The Specifics of Amenity Migration in the European Alps. In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-215.
75.
Power, T.M.1995. Thinking About Natural Resource-dependent Economies: Moving Beyond the Folk Economies of the Rear View Mirror. In: Knight, R. and Bates, S. (eds.) A New Century for Natural Resource Management.
76.
Power, T.M.1996. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies: The Search for a Value of Place, Washington, DC: Island Press.
77.
Price, M.F. (ed.) 2006. Global Change in Mountain Regions, Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing.
78.
Price, M.F., Moss, L.A.G., and Williams, P.1997. Amenity Migration and Tourism. In: Messerli, B. and Ivés, J.D. (eds.) Mountains of the World, a Global Priority, London and New York: Parthenon Publishing, pp. Parthenon Publishing-249.
79.
Rasker, R. and Alexander, B.1997. The New Challenge, People, Commerce and the Environment in the Yellowstone to Yukon Region. Bozeman, MT: Sonoran Institute.
80.
Rasker, R. and Alexander, B.2003. Getting Ahead in the Greater Yellowstone: Making the Most of Our Competitive Advantage. Bozeman, MT: Sonoran Institute.
81.
Ringland, G.1998. Scenario Planning: Managing for the Future. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
82.
Ringland, G.2002. Scenarios in Public Policy. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
83.
Romero, H.2006. Amenity Migration in Latin America. In: Price, M.F. (ed.) Global Change in Mountain Regions, Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing, pp. Sapiens Publishing-321.
84.
Romero, H. and Ordenes, F.2004. Emerging Urbanisation in the Southern Andes: Environmental Impacts of Urban Sprawl in Santiago de Chile on the Andean Piedmont, Mountain Research and Development, 24 (3), 197-201.
85.
Rothman, H.1998. Devil's Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-century American West. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.
86.
Saint Onge, J. Hunter, L.M. and Boardman, J.D. 2006. Population Growth in High Amenity Rural Areas: Does it Bring Socio-economic Status for Long-term Residents? Working paper, Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science. www.colorado.edu/ibs/pubs/pop/pop2005-0007.pdf; accessed on 26 January 2007.
87.
Sofranko, A. J. and Williams, J.D.1980. Rebirth of Rural America: Rural Migration in the Midwest, Ames, Iowa: North Central Region Center for Rural Development, Iowa State University.
88.
Stewart, S.I.2002. Amenity Migration. In: Luft, K. and MacDonald, S. (eds.). Trends 2000: Shaping the Future, Lansing, Michigan: Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Resources, pp. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Resources-369.
89.
Thompson, S.2006. Gateway to Glacier: Will Amenity Migrants in North-western Montana Lead the Way for Amenity Conservation? In: Moss, L.A.G. (ed.) The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-108.
90.
Tonderayi, D.1999. Amenity Migration and Tourism in the Eastern Highlands Bioregion of Zimbabwe: Policy, Planning and Management Considerations. In: Godde, P., Price, M.F., and Zimmermann, F.M. (eds.) Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, pp. CABI Publishing-297.
91.
UNESCO-MAB. 2005. Global Change Impacts in Mountain Biosphere Reserves: Projecting Global Change Impacts and Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources Management in Mountain Biosphere Reserves, Paris: Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, UNESCO.
92.
Vágner, J. and Fialová, D.2004. Regional Differentiation of Second Housing in Czech Republic [In Czech], Prague: Charles University.
93.
Visser, G.2004. Second Homes: Reflections on an Unexplored Phenomenon in South Africa. In: Hall, CM. and Müller, D.K. (eds.). Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: Between Elite Landscape and Common Ground, Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications, pp. Channel View Publications-196.
94.
Williams, D.R. and Mclntyre, N. 2001. Where Heart and Home Reside: Changing Constructions of Home and Identity. In: Trends 2000: Shaping the Future Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, pp. 392-403.
95.
Wilson, I. and Ralston, B.2006. Scenario Planning Handbook: Developing Strategies in Uncertain Times, Mason, OH: South-western Educational Publishing.•
