In a series of recent works, Ian Hacking has produced a model of social causation in mental illness and begun to sketch in outline how this might be integrated with the medical model of psychiatry. This article elaborates and revises Hacking’s model of social forces, criticizes him for attempting a merely semantic resolution of the tension between the social and the biological, and sketches an alternative approach that builds upon his substantial insights.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.Washington, DC: Author.
2.
Baron-Cohen, S., A. Leslie, and U. Frith. 1985. Does the autistic child have a theory of mind?Cognition21:37-46.
3.
Baron-Cohen, S., H. Tager-Flusberg, and D. J. Cohen. 2000. Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.
4.
Bateson, P., and P. Martin. 1999. Design for a life. London: Jonathan Cape.
5.
Beck, J.1996. Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford.
6.
Borch-Jacobsen, M.1999. What made Albert run. London Review of Books21 (11): 9-10.
7.
Garner, D. M., P. E. Garfinkel, D. Schwartz, and M. Thompson. 1980. Cultural expectations of thinness in women. Psychological Reports47:483-491.
8.
Goodwin, D. W., and S. B. Guze. 1996. Psychiatric diagnosis. 5th ed.New York: Oxford University Press.
9.
Guze, S. B.1992. Why psychiatry is a branch of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
10.
Hacking, I.1992. World-making by kind-making: Child abuse for example. In How classification works: Nelson Goodman among the social sciences, edited by M. Douglas and D. Hull, 180-238. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
11.
Hacking, I.1995a. The looping effect of human kinds. In Causal cognition, edited by D. Sperber, D. Premack, and A. Premack, 351-394. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12.
Hacking, I.1995b. Rewriting the soul. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
13.
Hacking, I.1998. Mad travelers. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
14.
Hacking, I.1999. The social construction of what?Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15.
Kripke, S.1980. Naming and necessity. Rev. ed.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
16.
Lewontin, R.2000. The triple helix: Gene, organism and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17.
Macintyre, A.1982. After virtue. London: Duckworth.
18.
McGuire, M., F. Fawzy, J. Spar, R. Weigel, and A. Troisi. 1994. Altruism and mental disorders. Ethology and Sociobiology15:299-321.
19.
McGuire, M., and A. Troisi. 1998. Darwinian psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press.
20.
McHugh, P., and T. Slavney. 1998. The perspectives of psychiatry. 2d ed.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
21.
Murphy, D., and S. Stich. 2000. Darwin in the madhouse: Evolutionary psychology and the classification of mental disorders. In Evolution and the human mind, edited by P. Carruthers and A. Chamberlain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22.
Murphy, D., and R. Woolfolk. In press. The harmful dysfunction analysis of mental disorder. Philosophy, Psychiatry, Psychology.
23.
Oyama, S.2000. The ontogeny of information. 2d ed.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
24.
Parry-Jones, W. Ll., and B. Parry-Jones. 1995. Eating disorders: Social section. In A history of clinical psychiatry, edited by G. Berrios and R. Porter, 602-611. New York: New York University Press.
25.
Putnam, H.1975. The meaning of “meaning.” In Language & Reality, Collected Papers, edited by H. Putnam, Vol. 1, 215-271. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
26.
Schaffner, K.1993. Discovery and explanation in science and medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27.
Schaffner, K.1994. Reductionistic approaches to schizophrenia. In Philosophical perspectives on psychiatric diagnostic classification, edited by J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz, 279-294. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
28.
Schwartz, J. M., P. W. Stoessel, L. R. Baxter, K. M. Martin, & M. E. Phelps. 1996. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry53:109-113.
29.
Shorter, E.1997. A brief history of psychiatry. New York: John Wiley.
30.
Swerdlow, N., and G. Koob. 1987. Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania and depression: Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences10:197-245.
31.
van Deth, R., and W. Vandereycken. 1995. Eating disorders: Clinical section. In Ahistory of clinical psychiatry, edited by G. Berrios and R. Porter. New York: New York University Press.
32.
Wilson, G. T., P. E. Nathan, K. D. O’Leary, and L. A. Clark. 1996. Abnormal psychology: Integrating perspectives. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
33.
Woolfolk, R., J. Novalany, M. Gara, L. Allen, and M. Polino. 1995. Self-complexity, self-evaluation and depression: An examination of form and content within the self-schema. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology68:1108-1120.
