This article discusses the management of tourism crises in the wake of security situations based on the Israeli experience. Using statistics of international tourist arrivals, the various security situations that have affected Israeli tourism are presented and their determinants analyzed. Subsequently, guidelines on how to manage crises of various types are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aziz, H. (1995). “Understanding Terrorist Attacks on Tourists in Egypt.”Tourism Management, 16 (2): 91-95.
2.
D’Amore, L. J., and T. E. Anuza (1986). “International Terrorism: Implications and Challange for Global Tourism.”The Business Quarterly, 51 (4): 20-29.
3.
Enders, W., and T. Sandler (1991). “Causality between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain.”Terrorism, 14 (1): 49-58.
4.
Enders, W., T. Sandler, and G. F. Parise (1992). “An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Terrorism on Tourism.”Kyklos: Internationale Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft, 45 (4): 531-554.
5.
Hall, C. M., and V. O’Sullivan (1996). “Political Stability and Violence.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 105-121.
6.
Hollier, R. (1991). “Conflict in the Gulf: Response of the Tourism Industry.”Tourism Management, 12 (1): 2-4.
7.
Malinovski, J., S. J. Backman, and L. R. Allen (1995). “A Preliminary Investigation into the Effectiveness of Recovery Advertising Campaign.” In Global Tourism: New Rules, New Strategies. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA). Acapulco, Mexico. Boise, ID: TTRA, pp. 91-95.
8.
Mansfeld, Y. (1993). “Turbulent Security Environment and Variable Propensity to Travel—The Case of Israel 1948-1989.”TESG—Tijdschrift voor Economische en Social Geografie (Journal of Economic and Social Geography), 84 (2): 132-143.
9.
Mansfeld, Y. (1994). “The Middle East Conflict and Tourism to Israel.”Middle Eastern Studies, 30 (3): 646-667.
10.
Mansfeld, Y. (1996). “Wars, tourism and the ‘Middle East’ factor.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 265-278.
11.
Mansfeld, Y., and N. Kliot (1996). “The Tourism Industry in the Partitioned Island of Cyprus.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 187-202.
12.
O’Neill, M. A., and F. Fitz (1996). “Northern Ireland Tourism: What Chance Now?”Tourism Management, 17 (3): 161-163.
13.
Pizam, A., and Y. Mansfeld (1996). “Introduction.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 1-8.
14.
Reeves, R. (1987). “Thoughts on Terrorism.”Travel and Leisure, 17 (1): 64-66.
15.
Ryan, C. (1991). “Tourism, Terrorism and Violence: The Risks of Wider World Travel.”Conflict Studies, 244. London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism.
16.
Ryan, C. (1993). “Crime, Violence, Terrorism and Tourism: An Accidental or Intrinsic Relationship?”Tourism Management, 14 (3): 173-183.
17.
Sönmez, S. F., and A. R. Graefe (1995). “International Vacation Decisions and the Threat of Terrorism.” In Global Tourism: New Rules, New Strategies. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association. Acapulco, Mexico. Boise, ID: TTRA, pp. 236-245.
18.
U.S. Department of State (1995). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary and Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism.
19.
U.S. Department of State (1996). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary and Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism.
20.
Wahab, S. (1996). “Tourism and Terrorism: Synthesis of the Problem with Emphasis on Egypt.” In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, edited by A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 175-186.
21.
Weber, S., and B. Vrdoljak-Salamon (1995). “The Need for Quality Evaluation of Destination Brochures.” In Global Tourism: New Rules, New Strategies. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association. Acapulco, Mexico. Boise, ID: TTRA, pp. 83-90.
22.
World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1996). Tourist Safety and Security—Practical Measures for Destinations. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.