This article is the second of a two-part series. The first part, "North American Ecotourists: Market Profile and Trip Characteristics," appeared in the spring 1996 issue. This study shows that all North American ecotourism markets, both the more generally interested (consumers) and experienced ecotourists, enjoy multiple activities, including walk ing and hiking. Consumers prefer more passive activities and cultural experiences, while ecotourists are more active, and prefer modest, intimate-type accommodation. Principle motivations relate to setting. Motivations that discriminate ecotourists from other tourists are discllssed in terms of benefits sought.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Allcock, A., B. Jones, S. Lane, and J. Grant (1994). National Ecotourism Strategy. Canberra, Australia : Commonwealth Department of Tourism.
2.
ARA Consulting Group, Eureka Tourism and Hospitality Management Consultants, and the Tourism Research Group (1991). Yukon Wilderness Adventure Travel Market Awareness Study. Whitehorse: Department of Tourism, Government of Yukon.
3.
ARA Consulting Group (1994). Ecolodge Survey: A Supporting Technical Paper for the Government of Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Master Plan.
4.
Ayala, H. (1995). "From Quality Product to Ecoproduct: Will Fiji Set a Precedent?" Tourism Management, 16 (1): 39-47.
5.
Backman, K.F., and T.D. Potts (1993). Profiling Nature-Based Travelers: Southeastern Market Segments. Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute.
6.
Ballantine, J.L., and P.F.J. Eagles (1994). "Defning Canadian Ecotourists." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2 (4): 210-13.
7.
Boo, E. ( 1990). Ecotourism: The Potential and Pitfalls. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.
8.
Cook, S.D., E. Stewart, and K. Repass (1992). Discover America: Tourism and the Environment . Washington, DC: Travel Industry Association of America.
9.
Crossley, J., and B. Lee (1994). "Ecotourists and Mass Tourists: A Difference in 'Benefits Sought'." In Proceedings of the 25th Anniversary Conference, Travel and Tourism Research Association, Bal Harbour, Florida, June 18-22. Wheat Ridge, CO: Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp. 22-29.
10.
Development Consulting Limited (1991). Ecotourism Opportunity Identification Study. A report submitted to the Policy and Program Development Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines.
11.
Eagles, P.F.J. (1992). "The Travel Motivations of Canadian Ecotourists ." Journal of Travel Research, 31 (Fall): 3-7.
12.
Eagles, P.F.J., and J.W. Cascagnette (1995). "Canadian Ecotourists: Who Are They?" Tourism Recreation Research, 20 (1): 22-28.
13.
Fennell, D., and B. Smale (1992). "Ecotourism and Natural Resource Protection." Tottrism Recreation Research, 17 (1): 21-32.
14.
Gardner, T., and S. McArthur (1995). "Guided Nature-Based Tourism in Tasmania's Forests: Trends, Constraints and Implications." Tourism Recreation Research, 22 (1): 53-56.
15.
Gurung, C.P., and M. De Coursey (1994). "The Annapurna Conservation Area Project: A Pioneering Example of Sustainable Tourism?" In Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? edited by E. Cater and G. Lowman.Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
16.
Hall, C.M. and B. Weiler (1992). "What's Special about Special Interest Tourism? " In Special Interest Tourism, edited by B. Weiler and C. M. Hall.London: Belhaven Press, pp. 1-14.
17.
Henning, D.H. (1993). "Nature-Based Tourism Can Help Conserve Tropical Forests." Tourism Recreation Research, 18 (2): 45-50.
18.
Hla Consultants (1994). Tour Operator Market for Alberta Ecotourism Experiences . Edmonton, Alberta: Albcrta Economic Development and Tourism.
19.
HLA Consultants and the ARA Consulting Group (1994). Ecotourism — Nature/Adventure/Culture: Alberta and British Columbia Market Demand Assessment. Prepared for Canadian Heritage; Industry Canada; British Columbia Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Culture; Alberta Economic Development and Tourism; and the Outdoor Recre, ation Council of British Columbia.
20.
Ingram, C.D., and P.B. Durst (1989). "Nature-Oriented Tour Operators: Travel to Developing Countries." Journal of Travel Research, 28 (Fall): 11-15.
21.
Kerr, J. (1992). "Making Dollars and Sense out of Ecotourism/Nature Tourism." In Ecotourism: Incorporating the Global Classroom , edited by B. Weiler. 1991Conference Papers. Canberra , Australia: University of Queensland, Bureau of Tourism Research, pp. 248-52.
22.
Laarman, J.G., and P.B. Durst (1993). "Nature Tourism as a Tool for Economic Development and Conservation of Natural Resources." In Nature Tourism and Asia: Opportunities and Constraints for Conservation and Economic Development , edited by J. Nenon and P. B. Durst.Washington, DC: USDA, Forest Service, USAID, USDA, Office of International Cooperation and Development, pp. 1-19.
23.
Lew, A.A. (1995). "Ecotourism in the Pacific Asia Region." Unpublished paper.
24.
Lindberg, K. (1991). Policies for Maximizing Nature Tourism's Ecological and Economic Benefits. World Resources Institute, February.
25.
Loker, L. (1993). "The Backpacker Phenomenon II: More Answers to Further Questions." Townsville, Australia: Department of Tourism, James Cook University of North Queensland. Cited in M. Hockings (1994). "A Survey of the Tourism Operator's Role in Marine Park Interpretation." Journal of Tourism Studies, 5 (1): 16-28.
26.
Merschen, A. (1992). "Marketing Techniques and Critiques." In Proceedings of the 1992 World Congress on Adventure Travel and Eco-Tourism, Whistler, British Columbia. Englewood, CO: Adventure Travel Society, pp. 210-17.
27.
Nababan, A., and A. Aliadi (1993). "Nature Tourism Profile: Indonesia." In Nature Tourism and Asia: Opportunities and Constraints for Conservation and Economic Development, edited by J. Nenon, and P. B. Durst.Washington, DC: USDA, Forest Service, USAID, USDA, Office of International Cooperation and Development, pp. 43-54.
28.
Oelrichs, I., and G. Prossner , eds. (1992). "Endemic Tourism: A Profitable Industry in a Sustainable Environment." Discussion paper, Pacific Asia Travel Association, Kings Cross, November. Cited in H. Ayala (1995). "From Quality Product to Ecoproduct: Will Fiji Set a Precedent?" Tourism Management, 16 (1): 39-47.
29.
Parker, T. (1993). "Nature Tourism in Nepal." In Nature Tourism and Asia: Opportunities and Canstraints for Conservation and Economic Development, edited by J. Nenon and P. B. Durst.Washington, DC: USDA, Forest Service, USAID, USDA, Office of International Cooperation and Development, pp. 21-30.
30.
Pearce D.G., and P.M. Wilson (1995). "Wildlife-Viewing Tourists in New Zealand." Journal of Travel Research, 34 (Fall): 19-26.
31.
Reingold, L. (1993). "Identifying the Elusive Ecotourist." In Going Green, a supplement to Tour and Travel News, October 25, pp. 36-39.
32.
Silverberg, K.E., S.J. Backman, and K.F. Backman (1994). "A Preliminary Investigation into the Psychographics of Nature-Based Travelers to the Southeastern United States." In Proceedings of the 25th Annitersary Conference, Travel and Tourism Research Association, Bal Harbour, Florida, June 18-22. Wheat Ridge, CO: Travel and Tourism Research Association, 36-40.
Tourism Canada (1995). Adventure Travel in Canada: An Overview of Product, Market and Business Potential. Ottawa: Industry Canada.
35.
Wight, P.A. (1993a). "Improved Business Positioning: Environmentally Responsible Marketing of Tourism." In Expanding Responsibilities: A Blueprint for the Travel Industry, Proceedings of the 24th TTRA Conference, Whistler, British Columbia, June 13-16. Wheat Ridge, CO: Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp. 200-7.
36.
— (1993b). "Sustainable Ecotourism: Balancing Economic, Environmental and Social Goals within an Ethical Framework." Journal of Tourism Studies, 4 (2): 54-66.
37.
— (1995a). "Environmentally Sensitive Technologies/Facilities: Responding to Market Demand for Responsible Travel and Deriving Economic Benefit ." Paper presented to Sharing Tomorrow: Exploring Responsible Tourism. Interpretation Canada National Conference. Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, September 24-27.
38.
— (1995b). "Greening of Remote Tourism Lodges." Paper presented to Conference Shaping Tomorrow's North — The Role of Tourism and Recreation. Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, Ontario, October 12-15.
39.
— (1995c). "Marketing to the Ecotourism Client." Paper presented to Conference Shaping Tomorrow's North — The Role of Tourism and Recreation. Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, Ontario, October 12-15.
40.
— (1995d). "Tapping into Market Potential for Ecotourism ." Keynote address to Workshop Ecotourism in Ontario — New Business Opportunities. Sir Sandford Fleming College, Haliburton, Ontario, Ecotourism Management Program, November 24-25.
41.
Wright, W.J. (1991). "The Angus Reid Report: The Environment and 'Green' Products in Recessionary Times." In The Canadian Green Marketing Alert, edited by I. Rhind. Summer: 4-7.
42.
Yee, J.G. (1992). Ecotourism Market Survey: A Survey of North American Ecotourism Tour Operators. The Intelligence CenterSan Francisco: Pacific Asia Travel Association.
43.
Yuan M.S., and N.A. Christensen (1994). "Wildland-Influenced Economic Impacts of Nonresident Travel on Portal Communities: The Case of Missoula, Montana." Journal of Travel Research, 32 (Spring): 26-31.
