Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Since reusable launch vehicles have revolutionized access to space, space tourism has received enormous policy and research attention. However, such growth is occurring within a wider context of concerns over climate change, emissions, and space debris. Although the space industries have enormous environmental impacts, few studies have been undertaken on the sustainability of space tourism. Therefore, we aim to create and assess an extended value-beliefs-norms theory with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, trust in artificial intelligence (AI), and the benefits of AI, in comparing three types of space tourism (Earth, suborbital, and orbital). To achieve the goals, multi-method analyses of 1,000 respondents were applied, including partial least squares-structural equation modeling, multi-group analysis, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, and deep learning. Results revealed that the extended value-belief-norm model well explains space tourist behavior, ESG also has significant roles on the research model, and the three types have unique characteristics.

Keywords

space tourism artificial intelligence environmental social and governance fsQCA deep learning South Korea

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Adetunji

(2021). Five ways artificial intelligence can help space exploration. https://theconversation.com/five-ways-artificial-intelligence-can-help-space-exploration-153664

Amiraslani

Lins

K. V.

Servaes

Tamayo

(2023). Trust, social capital, and the bond market benefits of ESG performance. Review of Accounting Studies, 28(2), 421–462.

Bagchi

(2021). How AI is sky rocketing space exploration. https://www.cxotoday.com/ai/how-artificial-intelligence-is-sky-rocketing-space-exploration/

BlackRock. (2022). Larry Fink’s Annual 2022 Letter to CEOs. https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter

Bosone

Bogliardi

S. M.

Giudici

(2022). Are ESG female? The hidden benefits of female presence on sustainable finance. Review of Economic Analysis, 14(2), 253–274.

Buczkowski

(2022). Space ESG. How might the evolution of space industry cause us to reflect on our own mistakes? - Geoawesomeness. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://geoawesomeness.com/eo-hub

Champion Traveler. (2022). One SpaceX rocket launch produces the equivalent of 395 transatlantic flights worth of CO2 emissions. https://championtraveler.com/news/one-spacex-rocket-launch-produces-the-equivalent-of-395-transatlantic-flights-worth-of-co2-emissions/

Cheng

Zhang

Cohen

Mou

(2022a). Human vs. AI: Understanding the impact of anthropomorphism on consumer response to chatbots from the perspective of trust and relationship norms. Information Processing and Management, 59(3), 102940.

Cheng

Zhang

Yang

(2022b). An investigation on trust in AI-enabled collaboration: Application of AI-Driven chatbot in accommodation-based sharing economy. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 54, 101164.

10.

Chi

O. H.

Jia

Gursoy

(2021). Developing a formative scale to measure consumers’ trust toward interaction with artificially intelligent (AI) social robots in service delivery. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106700.

11.

Clementino

Perkins

(2021). How do companies respond to environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings? Evidence from Italy. Journal of Business Ethics, 171(2), 379–397.

12.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

13.

Crouch

G. I.

(2001). The market for space tourism: Early indications. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 213–219.

14.

Crouch

G. I.

Devinney

T. M.

Louviere

J. J.

Islam

(2009). Modelling consumer choice behaviour in space tourism. Tourism Management, 30(3), 441–454.

15.

Das

(2020). How artificial intelligence helping in space exploration. https://analyticsindiamag.com/is-artificial-intelligence-the-new-guardian-of-the-galaxy/

16.

Denley

T. J.

Woosnam

K. M.

Ribeiro

M. A.

Boley

B. B.

Hehir

Abrams

(2020). Individuals’ intentions to engage in last chance tourism: Applying the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(11), 1860–1881.

17.

Dialani

(2021). Let’s go to space. But this time, through artificial intelligence. https://www.analyticsinsight.net/lets-go-to-space-but-this-time-through-artificial-intelligence/

18.

Dogru

Akyildirim

Cepni

Ozdemir

Sharma

Yilmaz

M. H.

(2022). The effect of environmental, social and governance risks. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103432.

19.

Duval

Hall

C. M.

(2015). Sustainable space tourism: New destinations, new challenges. In Hall

C. M.

Gössling

Scott

(Eds.), The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability (pp. 450–460). Routledge.

20.

Fawkes

(2007). Space tourism and sustainable development. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 60(11), 401–408.

21.

Frank

(2021). Artificial intelligence-enabled environmental sustainability of products: Marketing benefits and their variation by consumer, location, and product types. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 125242.

22.

Frost

(2022). Exploring prosocial and environmental motivations of frontier tourists: Implications for sustainable space tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 2254–2270.

23.

Galvani

Lew

A. A.

Perez

M. S.

(2020). COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 567–576.

24.

Giachinoa

Pucciarelli

Bollani

Bonadonna

Koo

(2021). Space tourism: A new frontier for future generations. Journal of Smart Tourism, 1(4), 31–42.

25.

Glikson

Woolley

A. W.

(2020). Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 627–660.

26.

Goodrich

J. N.

(1987). Touristic travel to outer space: Profile and barriers to entry. Journal of Travel Research, 26(2), 40–43.

27.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C.

Babin

B. J.

Anderson

R. E.

(2020). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.

28.

Hair

J. F.

Hult

G. T. M.

Ringle

C. M.

Sarstedt

(2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.

29.

Han

(2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177.

30.

Hasegawa

Takano

Collins

(2018). The dawn of space tourism businesses and the development strategy in reference to air tourism businesses. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, IAC, 2018 October.

31.

Hassan

A. S.

Meyer

D. F.

(2022). Does countries’ environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk rating influence international tourism demand? A case of the Visegràd Four. Journal of Tourism Futures. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-05-2021-0127

32.

Johnson

R. D.

Stone

D. L.

Lukaszewski

K. M.

(2020). The benefits of eHRM and AI for talent acquisition. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(1), 40–52.

33.

Kim

M. J.

Chung

Lee

C. K.

(2011). The effect of perceived trust on electronic commerce: Shopping online for tourism products and services in South Korea. Tourism Management, 32(2), 256–265.

34.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

(2022a). Do smart apps encourage tourists to walk and cycle? Comparing heavy versus non-heavy users of smart apps. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 27(7), 763–779.

35.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

(2022b). Does active transport create a win-win situation for environmental and human health? The moderating effect of leisure and tourism activity. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 487–498.

36.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

Bonn

(2021). Can the value-attitude-behavior model and personality predict international tourists’ biosecurity practice during the pandemic? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 99–109.

37.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

Kim

D. K.

(2020). Predicting environmentally friendly eating out behavior by value-attitude-behavior theory: Does being vegetarian reduce food waste? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 797–815.

38.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

Kwon

Hwang

Kim

S. J.

(2023). Orbital and sub-orbital space tourism: Motivation, constraint, and artificial intelligence. Tourism Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2023-0017

39.

Kim

M. J.

Hall

C. M.

Kwon

Sohn

Kim

(2023). The effects of individual and organizational interventions on space tourism: Applying EMGB and fsQCA. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(9), 1389–1393.

40.

Kim

Lee

S. J.

Lee

C. K.

Suess

(2022). Predicting preventive travel behaviors under the COVID-19 covid through an integration of Health Belief Model and Value-Belief-Norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, 100981.

41.

Korsgaard

M. A.

Roberson

(1995). Procedural justice in performance evaluation: The role of instrumental and non-instrumental voice in performance appraisal discussions. Journal of Management, 21(4), 657–669.

42.

Landon

A. C.

Woosnam

K. M.

Boley

B. B.

(2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972.

43.

Lee

Olya

Park

Y. N.

Kwon

Y. J.

Kim

M. J.

(2022). Sustainable intelligence and cultural worldview as triggers to preserve heritage tourism resources. Tourism Geographies, 25(2–3), 899–918.

44.

Lee

T. H.

Jan

F. H.

(2018). Ecotourism behavior of nature-based tourists: An integrative framework. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 792–810.

45.

Lee

V. H.

Hew

J. J.

Leong

L. Y.

Tan

G. W. H.

Ooi

K. B.

(2020). Wearable payment: A deep learning-based dual-stage SEM-ANN analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 157, 113477.

46.

Lind

H. B.

Nordfjærn

Jørgensen

S. H.

Rundmo

(2015). The value-belief-norm theory, personal norms and sustainable travel mode choice in urban areas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 119–125.

47.

Mammarella

(2021). Can space tourism boost sustainable behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 10–12.

48.

Marshall

(2022). The space renaissance is really about what happens down here. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/how-the-space-renaissan

49.

Megeirhi

H. A.

Woosnam

K. M.

Ribeiro

M. A.

Ramkissoon

Denley

T. J.

(2020). Employing a value-belief-norm framework to gauge Carthage residents’ intentions to support sustainable cultural heritage tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1351–1370.

50.

Mehran

Olya

Han

(2023). Psychology of space tourism marketing, technology, and sustainable development: From a literature review to an integrative framework. Psychology and Marketing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21795

51.

Ministry of the Interior and Safety. (2022). Resident registration demographics. https://jumin.mois.go.kr/#

52.

Mirchevski

(2019). AI and the future of space tourism: Investing in the final frontier of travel. Retrieved August 3, 2023, from https://ts2.space/en/ai-and-the-future-of-space-tourism-investing-in-the-final-frontier-of-travel/

53.

Moon

Tang

Lee

W. S.

(2022). Antecedents and consequences of Starbucks’ environmental, social and governance (ESG) implementation. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2022.2070818

54.

Olya

H. G. T.

(2023). Towards advancing theory and methods on tourism development from residents’ perspectives: Developing a framework on the pathway to impact. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 329–349.

55.

Olya

H. G. T.

Akhshik

(2019). Tackling the complexity of the pro-environmental behavior intentions of visitors to turtle sites. Journal of Travel Research, 58(2), 313–332.

56.

Olya

H. G. T.

Han

(2020). Antecedents of space traveler behavioral intention. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3), 528–544.

57.

Olya

H. G. T.

Han

(2023). Emerging space tourism business: Uncovering customer avoidance responses and behaviours. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 29(3), 445–460.

58.

Ortas

Álvarez

Jaussaud

Garayar

(2015). The impact of institutional and social context on corporate environmental, social and governance performance of companies committed to voluntary corporate social responsibility initiatives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 673–684.

59.

Paladini

Saha

(2023). The quest for sustainability in lower orbit: Conceptual models for space tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25(3), 333-349.

60.

Park

C. Y.

Lee

S. J.

Lee

C. K.

Reisinger

(2022). Volunteer tourists’ environmentally friendly behavior and support for sustainable tourism development using Value-Belief-Norm theory: Moderating role of altruism. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 25, 100712

61.

Peeters

(2018). Why space tourism will not be part of sustainable tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 540–543.

62.

Peeters

(2010). From suborbital space tourism to commercial personal spaceflight. Acta Astronautica, 66(11–12), 1625–1632.

63.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Lee

J. Y.

Podsakoff

N. P.

(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

64.

Poortvliet

P. M.

Sanders

Weijma

De Vries

J. R.

(2018). Acceptance of new sanitation: The role of end-users’ pro-environmental personal norms and risk and benefit perceptions. Water Research, 131, 90–99.

65.

Preston

C. C.

Colman

A. M.

(2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1–15.

66.

Ragin

C. C.

(2017). User’s guide to Fuzzy-set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Manual based on fsQCA 3.0. https://www.socsci.uci.edu/~cragin/fsQCA/software.shtml

67.

Raimo

Caragnano

Zito

Vitolla

Mariani

(2021). Extending the benefits of ESG disclosure: The effect on the cost of debt financing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(4), 1412–1421.

68.

Ramkissoon

(2023). Perceived social impacts of tourism and quality-of-life: A new conceptual model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 442–459.

69.

Reddy

M. V.

Nica

Wilkes

(2012). Space tourism: Research recommendations for the future of the industry and perspectives of potential participants. Tourism Management, 33(5), 1093–1102.

70.

Ringle

C. M.

Wende

Becker

J. M.

(2015). SmartPLS 3.3.5. https://www.smartpls.com

71.

Ripley

B. D.

(1996). Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge University Press.

72.

Russo

Lax

(2022). Using artificial intelligence for space challenges: A survey. Applied Sciences, 12(10), 5106.

73.

Ryan

R. G.

Marais

E. A.

Balhatchet

C. J.

Eastham

S. D.

(2022). Impact of rocket launch and space debris air pollutant emissions on stratospheric ozone and global climate. Earth’s Future, 10(6), 1–13.

74.

Schmelzer

(2020). How is AI helping to commercialize space? https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/03/21/how-is-ai-helping-to-commercialize-space/?sh=2c3798927c9f

75.

Schulz

P. J.

Nakamoto

(2013). Patient behavior and the benefits of artificial intelligence: The perils of “dangerous” literacy and illusory patient empowerment. Patient Education and Counseling, 92(2), 223–228.

76.

Schwartz

S. H.

(1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10(C), 221–279.

77.

Schwartz

S. H.

(1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(C), 1–65.

78.

Scott

(2022). A space tourism destination: Environmental, geopolitical and tourism branding considerations for New Zealand as a ‘launch state.’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 2240–2253.

79.

SpaceX. (2022). SpaceX – Mission. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://www.spacex.com/mission/

80.

Spector

Higham

J. E. S.

(2019). Space tourism in the Anthropocene. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102772.

81.

Spector

Higham

J. E. S.

Doering

(2017). Beyond the biosphere: Tourism, outer space, and sustainability. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(3), 273–283.

82.

Stern

P. C.

Dietz

Abel

Guagnano

G. A.

Kalof

(1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.

83.

Stone

(1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36(2), 111–147.

84.

Teixeira Dias

de Aguiar Dutra

A. R.

Vieira Cubas

A. L.

Ferreira Henckmaier

M. F.

Courval

de Andrade Guerra

J. B. S. O

. (2023). Sustainable development with environmental, social and governance: Strategies for urban sustainability. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 528–539.

85.

Toivonen

(2017). Sustainable planning for space tourism. Matkailututkimus, 13(1–2), 21–34.

86.

Toivonen

(2021). Sustainable space tourism: An introduction. Channel View Publications.

87.

Toivonen

(2022). Sustainability dimensions in space tourism: The case of Finland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 2223–2239.

88.

Truby

(2020). Governing Artificial Intelligence to benefit the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 946–959.

89.

Woosnam

K. M.

Ribeiro

M. A.

Denley

T. J.

Hehir

Boley

B. B.

(2022). Psychological antecedents of intentions to participate in last chance tourism: Considering complementary theories. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6), 1342–1357.

90.

Liu

(2022). Artificial intelligence humor in service recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103439.

91.

Zeng

Chen

P. J.

Lew

A. A.

(2020). From high-touch to high-tech: COVID-19 drives robotics adoption. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 724–734.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.48 MB

Effects of Value-Belief-Norm Theory,ESG,and AI on Space Tourist Behavior for Sustainability With Three Types of Space Tourism

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material