Vectorize Me! A Proposed Machine Learning Approach for Segmenting the Multi-optional Tourist

Abstract

Contemporary consumer behavior is characterized by its multidimensionality and complexity, which, at the same time, pushes traditional segmentation approaches to their limits. In response, this methodological study proposes a multistage machine learning-based segmentation process using semiotic-semantic community detection. This innovative method was conducted exemplarily and evaluated on a representative sample of 1,101 German travelers. The main contribution of this study lies in the novel use of word vectors, which result from assigning a semiotic meaning to travel-type images. Thus, high-dimensional data could be used during the segmentation process, overcoming several classical segmentation problems. By using semantic similarities, tourists could be grouped and represented in their multidimensionality. From a theoretical perspective, this study was inspired by postmodern tourism practices in order to better understand the (oftentimes) hybrid and multilayered behaviors of tourists. To make this innovative approach reproducible, recommendations for implementation and all necessary data have been provided.

Keywords

segmentation semiotic-semantic community detection tourist typologies machine learning

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Albayrak

Caber

(2018). A motivation-based segmentation of holiday tourists participating in white-water rafting. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.11.001

Al-Khanbashi

(2020). Postmodernism and cities. In Al-Khanbashi

(Ed.), The social construction and use of landscape and public space in the age of migration (pp. 11–30). Springer VS.

Ananda

Novianti

(2021). Tourists interest in camping as an alternative tourism activity during COVID-19 pandemic: The AIDA model application. Journal of Tourism Sustainability, 1(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.35313/jtos.v1i2.17

Andreas

(2022). Family firms in tourism. In Buhalis

(Ed.), Encyclopedia of tourism management and marketing (pp. 210–212). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377486/b-9781800377486.family.firms.xml

Appelrouth

Edles

L. D.

(2016). Classical and contemporary sociological theory. Text and readings (3rd ed.). Sage.

Arefieva

Egger

(2022). TourBERT: A pretrained language model for the tourism industry. arXiv preprint arXiv, 201.07449.

Arefieva

Egger

Schrefl

Schedl

(2023, February). Travel bird: A personalized destination recommender with TourBERT and Airbnb experiences. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM international conference on web search and data mining (pp. 1164–1167). Association for Computing Machinery.

Arefieva

Egger

(2021). A machine learning approach to cluster destination image on Instagram. Tourism Management, 85, 104318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104318

Arias

J. T. G.

Acebrón

L. B.

(2001). Postmodern approaches in business-to-business marketing and marketing research. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 16(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620110364431

10.

Arnberger

Haider

(2005). Social effects on crowding preferences of urban forest visitors. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 3(3-4), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2005.04.002

11.

Arnberger

V. A.

Brandenburg

(2001). National Park as residential environment and regional recreation area-analysis results of visitor streams in the Viennese section of the National Park'Donau-Auen. Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 33(5), 157–161.

12.

Bailey

K. D.

(2003). Typologies and taxonomies: An introduction to classification techniques. Sage Publications (Sage University papers Quantitative applications in the social sciences, no. 07-102).

13.

Bauman

(2000). Liquid Modernity. Polity.

14.

Baur

Blasiusk

(2014). Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Springer. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-531-18939-0.pdf

15.

Beck

(2016). Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Suhrkamp Verlag. https://books.google.at/books?id=tZ-SDQAAQBAJ

16.

Berger

A. A.

(2011). Tourism as a postmodern semiotic activity. Semiotica, 2011(183), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2011.006

17.

Berger

Denk

Dittenbach

Merkl

Pesenhofer

(2007). Quo Vadis Homo Turisticus? Towards a picture-based tourist profiler. In Sigala

Mich

Murphy

(Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2007 (pp. 87–96). Springer Vienna.

18.

Bigné

Decrop

(2019). Paradoxes of postmodern tourists and innovation in tourism marketing. In Fayos-Solà

Cooper

(Eds.), The future of tourism (pp. 131–154). Springer International Publishing.

19.

Bigne

Gnoth

Andreu

(2008). Advanced topics in tourism market segmentation. In Woodside

A. G.

(Ed.), Tourism management. Analysis, behaviour, and strategy (pp. 151–173). CABI.

20.

Blondel

V. D.

Guillaume

J. L.

Lambiotte

Lefebvre

(2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment, 2008(10), 10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008

21.

Boley

B. B.

Nickerson

N. P.

(2013). Profiling geotravelers: An a priori segmentation identifying and defining sustainable travelers using the geotraveler tendency scale (GTS). Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(2), 314–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.692684

22.

Boztug

Babakhani

Laesser

Dolnicar

(2015). The hybrid tourist. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.07.006

23.

Canavan

(2021). Post-postmodern consumer authenticity, shantay you stay or sashay away? A netnography of RuPaul’s Drag Race fans. Marketing Theory, 21(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593120985144

24.

Celardo

Everett

M. G.

(2020). Network text analysis: A two-way classification approach. International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.09.005

25.

Ceylan

Çizel

Karakaş

(2021). Destination image perception patterns of tourist typologies. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2414

26.

Chalmers

W. D.

(2011). On the origin of the species homo touristicus. The evolution of travel from Greek spas to space tourism. iUniverse.

27.

Chan

C. C. H.

Hwang

Y. R.

H. C.

(2016). Marketing segmentation using the particle swarm optimization algorithm: A case study. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 7(6), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-016-0389-9

28.

Chin

W. L.

Pehin Dato Musa

S. F.

(2021). Agritourism resilience against Covid-19: Impacts and management strategies. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1950290. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1950290

29.

Choi

M. J.

Heo

C. Y.

Law

(2016). Developing a typology of Chinese shopping tourists: An application of the Schwartz model of Universal Human Values. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.997961

30.

Cohen

(1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 30, 164–182.

31.

Cohen

(2003). Backpacking: Diversity and change. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820308668162

32.

Cohen

(2019). Posthumanism and tourism. Tourism Review, 74(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2018-0089

33.

Cohen

S. A.

(2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.009

34.

Cohen

S. A.

Cohen

(2019). New directions in the sociology of tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1347151

35.

Collins-Kreiner

(2010). Researching pilgrimage: Continuity and transformations. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 440–456.

36.

Crompton

J. L.

(1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5

37.

Dann

(Ed.) (2002). The tourist as a metaphor of the social world. CABI.

38.

Delic

(2016). Picture-based approach to group recommender systems in the e-tourism domain. In Vassileva

Blustein

Aroyo

D’Mello

(Eds.), Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on User Modeling Adaptation and Personalization. ACM (pp. 337–340).

39.

Deli-Gray

Árva

(2015). Appearance and existence of postmodernity in Tourism-The case of Hungary. International Journal of Business Insights and Transformation, 9(1), 8–13.

40.

Denzin

N. K.

(1998). Images of postmodern society. Social theory and contemporary cinema. Reprint. Sage (Theory, culture & society).

41.

Devlin

Chang

M.-W.

Lee

Toutanova

(2019). An evaluation of BERT and Doc2Vec model on the IPTC Subject Codes prediction dataset. In: Burstein

Doran

Solorio

(Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North. Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 4171–4186).

42.

Díaz-Pérez

F. M.

García-González

C. G.

Fyall

(2020). The use of the CHAID algorithm for determining tourism segmentation: A purposeful outcome. Heliyon, 6(7), e04256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04256

43.

Dimitrios

(Ed.) (2022). Encyclopedia of tourism management and marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing.

44.

Dolnicar

(2002). A review of data-driven market segmentation in tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v12n01_01

45.

Dolnicar

(2006). Data-driven Market Segmentation in Tourism - Approaches, changes over two decades and development potential. https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/74.

46.

Dolnicar

(2008). Market segmentation in tourism. In Woodside

A. G.

(Ed.), Tourism management. Analysis, behaviour, and strategy (pp. 129–149). CABI.

47.

Dolnicar

(2020). Market segmentation for e-tourism. In Xiang

Fuchs

M. A.

Gretzel

Höpken

(Eds.), Handbook of e-tourism (pp. 1–15). Springer International Publishing.

48.

Dolnicar

Grün

(2008). Challenging “factor–cluster segmentation.”Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508318910

49.

Dolnicar

Grün

Leisch

(2018). Market segmentation analysis. Springer Singapore.

50.

Dolnicar

Kaiser

Lazarevski

Leisch

(2012). Biclustering. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510394192

51.

Dolnicar

Lazarevski

(2009). Methodological reasons for the theory/practice divide in market segmentation. Journal of Marketing Management (JMM), 25(3–4), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725709X429791

52.

Dujmović

Vitasović

(2015). Postmodern society and tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 3(5), 192–203. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2169/2015.10.003

53.

D’Urso

De Giovanni

Disegna

Massari

(2013). Bagged clustering and its application to tourism market segmentation. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(12), 4944–4956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.03.005

54.

D’Urso

De Giovanni

Disegna

Massari

Vitale

(2021). A tourist segmentation based on motivation, satisfaction and prior knowledge with a socio-economic profiling: A clustering approach with mixed information. Social Indicators Research, 154(1), 335–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02537-y

55.

D’Urso

Disegna

Massari

(2019). Fuzzy clustering in travel and tourism analytics. In de Vries

(Ed.), Business and consumer analytics: New ideas (pp. 839–863). Springer.

56.

D’Urso

Disegna

Massari

Osti

(2014). Fuzzy segmentation in postmodern consumers. BEMPS - Bozen Economics & Management Paper Series (20). https://bia.unibz.it/esploro/outputs/workingpaper/fuzzy-segmentation-in-postmodern-consumers/991005772664501241.

57.

D’Urso

Disegna

Massari

Osti

(2016). Fuzzy segmentation of postmodern tourists. Tourism Management, 55, 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.018

58.

Edensor

(1998). Tourists at the Taj. Performance and meaning at a symbolic site. Routledge (International Library of Sociology). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203010655/tourists-taj-tim-edensor

59.

Edminston

Park

(2020). Unsupervised discovery of firm-level variables in earnings call transcript embeddings. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing (pp. 34–39). https://aclanthology.org/2020.finnlp-1.6/.

60.

Egger

(2007). Cyberglobetrotter - Touristen im Informationszeitalter. In Egger

Herdin

(Eds.), Tourismus Herausforderung Zukunft (pp. 127–139). LIT.

61.

Egger

(2022a). Introduction: Data science in tourism. In Egger

(Ed.), Applied data science in tourism (pp. xxxi–xlvii). Springer.

62.

Egger

(2022b). Machine learning in tourism: A brief overview. In Egger

(Ed.), Applied data science in tourism (pp. 85–107). Springer International Publishing (Tourism on the Verge).

63.

Egger

(2022c). Text representations and word embeddings. In Egger

(Ed.), Applied data science in tourism (pp. 335–361). Springer International Publishing (Tourism on the Verge).

64.

Egger

Gula

Walcher

(2016). Towards a holistic framework of open tourism. In Egger

Gula

Walcher

(Eds.), Open tourism (pp. 3–16). Springer.

65.

Ehrnrooth

Gronroos

(2013). The hybrid consumer: exploring hybrid consumption behaviour. Management Decision, 51(9), 1793–1820. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2012-0867

66.

Elands

Marwijk

R. V.

(2005, June). Expressing recreation quality through simulation models: Useful management tool or wishful thinking [Symposium]. 11th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resource Management (pp. 16–19).

67.

Everett

(2009). Beyond the visual gaze? The pursit of an embodies experience through food tourism. Tourist Studies, 8(3), 337–358.

68.

Fan

D. X. F.

Buhalis

Lin

(2019). A tourist typology of online and face-to-face social contact: Destination immersion and tourism encapsulation/decapsulation. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, 102757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102757

69.

Fan

D. X. F.

Zhang

H. Q.

Jenkins

C. L.

Tavitiyaman

(2017). Tourist typology in social contact: An addition to existing theories. Tourism Management, 60, 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.021

70.

Firat

F. A.

Dholakia

Venkatesh

(1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing, 29(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510075334

71.

Firat

F. A.

Shultz

C. J.

(1997). From segmentation to fragmentation. Markets and marketing strategy in the postmodern era. European Journal of Marketing, 31(3/4), 183–207.

72.

Fodness

(1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 555–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90120-1

73.

Fodness

Murray

(1998). A typology of tourist information search strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700202

74.

Foo

J. A.

McGuiggan

Yiannakis

(2004). Roles tourists play. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.002

75.

Gao

B. W.

Zhu

Song

Dempsey

I. M.

(2022). Interpreting the perceptions of authenticity in virtual reality tourism through postmodernist approach. Information Technology & Tourism, 24(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-022-00221-0

76.

Gibson

Yiannakis

(2002). Tourist roles. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 358–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00037-8

77.

Gimblett

Daniel

Meitner

M. J.

(2000). An individual-based modeling approach to simulating recreation use in wilderness settings. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-4 (pp. 99–106).

78.

Gray

H. P.

(1970). Wanderlust. Sunlust. An analysis of summer sun tourists outbound package holidays. International Travel: International Trade.

79.

Gretzel

Fuchs

Baggio

Hoepken

Law

Neidhardt

Pesonen

Zanker

Xiang

(2020). E-Tourism beyond COVID-19: A call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00181-3

80.

Gretzel

Mitsche

Hwang

Y. H.

Fesenmaier

D. R.

(2004). Tell me who you are and I will tell you where to go: Use of travel personalities in destination recommendation systems. Information Technology & Tourism, 7(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3727/1098305042781129

81.

Habermas

Ben-Habib

(1981). Modernity versus postmodernity. New German Critique, NGC, 22, 3–14.

82.

Hall

D. R.

(2004). Tourism and transition: Governance, transformation, and development. CABI Publishing.

83.

Hallmann

Mueller

Peters

(2015). The assessment of competitiveness: The case of three Alpine winter sports destinations. Tourism Analysis, 20(6), 677–687. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354215X14464845878110

84.

Hamilton-Smith

(1987). Four kinds of tourism? Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90106-X

85.

Herdin

Egger

(2018). Beyond the digital divide: Tourism, ICTs and culture - a highly promising alliance. International Journal of Digital Culture and Electronic Tourism, 2(4), 322. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDCET.2018.092182

86.

Jamrozy

Uysal

(1994). Travel motivation variations of overseas German visitors. In Jamrozy

Uysal

(Eds.), Global tourist behaviour (pp. 135–160). Haworth.

87.

Jani

Jang

J. H.

Hwang

Y. H.

(2014). Big Five factors of personality and tourists' Internet search behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(5), 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.773922

88.

Jansson

(2018). Rethinking post-tourism in the age of social media. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.01.005

89.

Johns

Gyimóthy

(2002). Market segmentation and the prediction of tourist behavior: The CAse of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040003009

90.

Keul

Kühberger

(1996). Die Straße der Ameisen: Beobachtungen und interviews zum Salzburger Städtetourismus. Profil. https://uni-salzburg.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/die-stra%c3%9fe-der-ameisen-beobachtungen-und-interviews-zum-salzburge

91.

Kim

Park

Santos

C. A.

Shinew

K. J.

(2021). (Re)negotiating authenticity through virtual travel: A case study of Law of the jungle, a Korean reality travel program. In Kim

Pan

(Eds.), Visual media and tourism (pp. 127–143). Routledge.

92.

Konstantakis

Alexandridis

Caridakis

(2020). A personalized heritage-oriented recommender system based on extended cultural tourist typologies. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 4(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4020012

93.

Kozak

(2018). Tourist behavior. An experiential perspective. Unter Mitarbeit von Nazmi Kozak. Springer (Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management Ser).

94.

Kuo

R. J.

Zulvia

F. E.

(2018). Automatic clustering using an improved artificial bee colony optimization for customer segmentation. Knowledge and Information Systems, 57(2), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1162-5

95.

Labatut

(2015). Generalised measures for the evaluation of community detection methods. International Journal of Social Network Mining, 2(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSNM.2015.069776

96.

Lancichinetti

Radicchi

Ramasco

J. J.

(2010). Statistical significance of communities in networks. Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 81(4 Pt 2), 046110. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.046110

97.

Lash

S. M.

Urry

(1993). Economies of signs and space. Sage.

98.

Lengkeek

(2000). Imagination and differences in tourist experience. World Leisure Journal, 42(3), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2000.9674191

99.

Bonn

Kim

J. H.

(2020). A latent class segmentation analysis of gamblers in a gambling destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100433

100.

S. Z.

Zang

(2020). Consistent representation learning for high dimensional data analysis. http://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00481v1.

101.

T. E.

McKercher

(2016). Developing a typology of diaspora tourists: Return travel by Chinese immigrants in North America. Tourism Management, 56, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.04.001

102.

Lowyck

Langenhove

L. V.

Bolleart

(1992). Typologies of tourist roles. In Johnson

Thomas

(Eds.), Choice and demand in tourism. CAB Direct (pp. 13–32). Mansell.

103.

Lyn

A. S.

Smith

A. J.

(2009). Challenges to modern consumer segmentation in a changing world: The need for a second step. Multinational Business Review, 17(3), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1108/1525383X200900018

104.

Lyotard

J. F.

Brugger

(2001). What about the postmodern? The concept of the postmodern in the work of Lyotard. Yale French Studies, 99, 77. https://doi.org/10.2307/2903244

105.

MacCannell

(1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. The American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1086/225585

106.

Maclaran

(2017). Postmodern marketing and beyond. In Parsons

Chatzidakis

Maclaran

(Eds.), Contemporary issues in marketing and consumer behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 14–31). Routledge.

107.

Mancinelli

(2020). Digital nomads: Freedom, responsibility and the neoliberal order. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00174-2

108.

Maoz

Bekerman

(2010). Searching for Jewish answers in Indian resorts. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.10.015

109.

Mapingure

du Plessis

(2022). Tourist taxonomies of international tourists visiting Zimbabwe using an extended international tourist role scale. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(2), 344–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348021996786

110.

Mariani

Baggio

Buhalis

Longhi

(2014). Tourism management, marketing, and development. Volume I: The Importance of networks and ICTs. Palgrave Macmillan.

111.

Marwijk

Taczanowska

(2006). Types of typologies-from recreationists & tourists to artificial agents. https://www.ilf.hsr.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/ilf.hsr.ch/ilf-team/mmv3_proceedings_final_web2.pdf#page=499.

112.

Mattozo

T. C.

Da Silva

G. S.

Fernandes Neto

A. P.

Costa

J. A. F.

(2022). Market segmentation in tourism destination sector using self-organizing maps and its validation with structural equation modeling / Segmentação de mercado no setor de destino turístico usando mapas auto-organizados e sua validação com modelagem de equações estruturais. Brazilian Journal of Business, 4(2), 648–666. https://doi.org/10.34140/bjbv4n2-004

113.

Mazanec

J. A.

(1995). Positioning analysis with self-organizing maps. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(6), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049503600621

114.

Mazanec

J. A.

(2013). Market segmentation. In Jafari

(Ed.), Encyclopaedia of tourism (pp. 157–189). Taylor and Francis.

115.

McCabe

(2002). The tourist experience and everyday life. In Dann

(Ed.), The tourist as a metaphor of the social world (pp. 61–75). CABI.

116.

McCabe

(2005). Who is a tourist? Tourist Studies, 5(1), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797605062716

117.

McCabe

(2010). Critical review. Critical Review, 22(4), ebi. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2010.526395

118.

McKercher

Tolkach

Eka Mahadewi

N. M.

Byomantara

D. G. N.

(2023). Choosing the optimal segmentation technique to understand tourist behaviour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 29, 171–1383.

119.

Mehmetoglu

(2004). A typology of tourists from a different angle. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 5(3), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v05n03_05

120.

Mitsche

(2016). Digital destination promotion: understanding and maximizing the use of digital and cultural assets to enhance tourists’ decision making and destination marketing strategies [Doctoral thesis] University of Sunderland.

121.

Müller

C. V.

Scheffer

A. B. B.

(2019). Life and work issues in volunteer tourism: A search for meaning? RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 20(1), eRAMG190095. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eramg190095

122.

Mustonen

(2006). Volunteer tourism: Postmodern pilgrimage? Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 3(3), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820608668493

123.

Neidhardt

Seyfang

Schuster

Werthner

(2015). A picture-based approach to recommender systems. Information Technology & Tourism, 15(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-014-0017-5

124.

Neuburger

Egger

(2021). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: A case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24, 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807

125.

Nilashi

Mardani

Liao

Ahmadi

Manaf

A. A.

Almukadi

(2019). A hybrid method with TOPSIS and machine learning techniques for sustainable development of green hotels considering online reviews. Sustainability, 11(21), 6013. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216013

126.

Nuryanti

(1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00062-3

127.

Oskolkov

(2022). Dimensionality reduction. In Egger

(Ed.), Applied data science in tourism (pp. 151–167). Springer International Publishing (Tourism on the Verge).

128.

Ozaki

Hamasuna

Endo

(2017, October 5–8). 2017 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC). Banff Center, Banff, Canada. IEEE. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8114675.

129.

Özdemir

Seyitoğlu

(2017). A conceptual study of gastronomical quests of tourists: Authenticity or safety and comfort? Tourism Management Perspectives, 23, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.03.010

130.

O’Connor

Zerger

Itami

(2013). Building better agents: Geo-temporal tracking and analysis of tourist behavior. In Post

(Ed.), International congress on modelling and simulation (pp. 1148–1153). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand.

131.

O’Regan

(2014). Fragmenting tourism: Niche tourists. In McCabe

(Ed.), The Routledge handbook of tourism marketing. Unter Mitarbeit von Scott McCabe (pp. 290–302). Routledge (Routledge Handbooks).

132.

Palacio

(1997). Identifying ecotourists in Belize through benefit segmentation: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589708667288

133.

Park

Tussyadiah

I. P.

Mazanec

J. A.

Fesenmaier

D. R.

(2010). Travel personae of American pleasure travelers: A network analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.527246

134.

Penagos-Londoño

G. I.

Rodriguez–Sanchez

Ruiz-Moreno

Torres

(2021). A machine learning approach to segmentation of tourists based on perceived destination sustainability and trustworthiness. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100532

135.

Pérez-Tapia

Mercadé-Melé

Yeong-Hyeon

Almeida-García

(2022). Cultural context or generational cohort: Which influences tourist behavior more? Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 767035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.767035

136.

Peter

Anandkumar

(2016). Travel motivation-based typology of tourists who visit a shopping festival. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715607587

137.

Plog

S. C.

(1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14, 1355–1658. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003667360/

138.

Poon

(1993). Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. CAB International.

139.

Popp

(2012). Erlebnisforschung neu betrachtet – Ein ansatz zu ihrer räumlichen Kontextualisierung. Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft, 4(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/tw-2012-0107

140.

Mustonen

(2006). Postmodern tourism-alternative approaches. https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/97329/ae2_2006mustonen.pdf?sequence=2.

141.

Redfoot

D. L.

(1984). Touristic authenticity, touristic angst, and modern reality. Qualitative Sociology, 7(4), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987097

142.

Richards

(1996). Production and consumption of European cultural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00063-1

143.

Ritzer

Liska

(2002). McDisneyization’ and ‘post-tourism’: Complementary perspectives on contemporary: Complementary perspectives on contemporary tourism. In Ritzer

Liska

(Eds.), Touring cultures (pp. 106–120). Routledge.

144.

Rogerson

(2021). COVID-19 and changing tourism demand: research review and policy implications for South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-83

145.

Schifferl

(1998). Adaptive product optimization and simultaneous customer segmentation: A hospitality product design study with genetic algorithms. In Smith

G. D.

Steele

N. C.

Albrecht

R. F.

(Eds.), Artificial neural nets and genetic algorithms (pp. 215–218). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-6492-1_47

146.

Schlögl

(2017). Prerequisites for customer orientation. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 343. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p343-352

147.

Seery

Paris

C. M.

(2014). A three dimensional tourist typology. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(2), 1–8.

148.

Sertkan

Neidhardt

Werthner

(2020a). Eliciting touristic profiles: A user study on picture collections. In: Burke

Cristina

Tsvi

Ilaria

(Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th ACM. “Virtual ACM UMAP 2020: the 28th conference on user modeling, adaptation, and personalization.” ACM SIGWEB Newsletter Winte, (pp. 230–238).

149.

Sertkan

Neidhardt

Werthner

(2020b). From pictures to travel characteristics: Deep learning-based profiling of tourists and tourism destinations. In Neidhardt

Wörndl

(Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2020 (pp. 142–153). Springer International Publishing.

150.

Sertkan

Neidhardt

Werthner

(2019). What is the “Personality” of a tourism destination? Journal of Information Technology and Tourism, 21(1), 105–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-018-0135-6

151.

Shapley

(Ed.) (2018). Tourism, tourists and society. Routledge.

152.

Sharpley

(Ed.) (2022). Routledge handbook of the tourist experience. Taylor & Francis Group. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=6727115

153.

Sibi

P. S.

Arun

O. P.

Mohammed

(2020). Changing paradigms of travel motivations post COVID- 19. Journal of International Management, 11(11), 489–500.

154.

Singh

Garg

(2020). Comparative analysis of sequential community detection algorithms based on internal and external quality measure. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 23(7), 1129–1146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2020.1800189

155.

Srihadi

T. F.

Sukandar

Soehadi

A. W.

(2016). Segmentation of the tourism market for Jakarta: Classification of foreign visitors' lifestyle typologies. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.03.005

156.

Sterl

Wagner

Arnberger

(2006). Canoeists and preferred visitor numbers-investigations on recreation quality in the Donau Auen (Danube floodplains) National Park, Austria. Naturschutz und Landschaftsplaung, 38(3), 75–80.

157.

Sun

(2018). Statistical analysis of structured high-dimensional data. Unter Mitarbeit von Statistics, Hongxiao Zhu, Inyoung Kim, Pang Du und Xinwei Deng. Virginia Tech. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/97505.

158.

Supapakorn

Intarapak

Vuthipongse

(2022). A decision tree for information of foreign tourists traveling to Thailand. Computer Science Review, 17, 195–206. http://ijmcs.future-in-tech.net/17.1/r-sukanyaintarapak.pdf

159.

Taylor

V. E.

(2003). Encyclopedia of postmodernism (1st ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203195635/encyclopedia-postmodernism-victor-taylor-charles-winquist

160.

Thomas

White

G. R. T.

Samuel

(2018). To pray and to play: Post-postmodern pilgrimage at Lourdes. Tourism Management, 68, 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.021

161.

Thouki

(2019). The role of Ontology in religious tourism Education—Exploring the application of the postmodern cultural paradigm in European religious sites. Religion, 10(12), 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10120649

162.

Torbidoni

E. I. F.

Grau

H. R.

Camps

(2005). Trail preferences and visitor characteristics in Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park, Spain. Mountain Research and Development, 25(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0051:TPAVCI]2.0.CO;2

163.

Tribe

Mkono

(2017). Not such smart tourism? The concept of e-lienation. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.001

164.

Tsai

C.-Y.

Chiu

C.-C.

(2004). A purchase-based market segmentation methodology. Expert Systems with Applications, 27(2), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2004.02.005

165.

Uglis

Jęczmyk

Zawadka

Wojcieszak-Zbierska

M. M.

Pszczoła

(2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourist plans: A case study from Poland. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(3), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1960803

166.

Uriely

(1997). Theories of modern and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 982–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00029-7

167.

Uriely

(2005). The tourist experience. Conceptual developments. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.008

168.

Urry

Jonas

(2011). The tourist gaze 3.0 (3rd ed.). Sage. (Published in association with Theory, Culture & Society).

169.

Ustebay

Yelmen

Zontul

(2020). Customer segmentation based on self-organizing maps: A case study on airline passengers. Journal of Aeronautics and Space Technologies, 13(2), 227–233.

170.

Uysal

Jurowski

(1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 844–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4

171.

Vaishar

Šťastná

(2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia preliminary considerations. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1839027

172.

Vatsal

(2022). Louvain’s algorithm for community detection in Python. In: Towards Data Science. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://towardsdatascience.com/louvains-algorithm-for-community-detection-in-python-95ff7f675306

173.

Vester

H.-G.

(1998). Soziologische Theorien und Tourismus - ein Tour d’horizon. In Bachleitner

(Ed.), Der durchschaute Tourist (pp. 20–28). Profil.

174.

Vester

H.-G.

(1999). Tourismustheorie: Soziologische Wegweiser zum Verständnis touristischer Phänomene. Profil.

175.

Vong

(2016). Application of cultural tourist typology in a gaming destination – Macao. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(9), 949–965. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.842543

176.

Walkowiak

Datko

Maciejewski

(2019). Distance Metrics in Open-Set Classification of Text Documents by Local Outlier Factor and Doc2Vec [Conference session]. International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems. Springer (pp. 102–109). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-22999-3_10

177.

Wang

Niu

Qian

(2015). Tourism spatial organization of historical streets – A postmodern perspective: The examples of Pingjiang Road and Shantang Street, Suzhou, China. Tourism Management, 48, 370–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.007

178.

Wang

Guo

Cai

Liu

Luo

(2022). Post-tourism in the usual environment: From the perspective of unusual mood. Tourism Management, 89, 104452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104452

179.

Wearing

Stevenson

Young

(2010). Tourist cultures: Identity, place and the traveller. Sage. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10348624

180.

Wongkit

McKercher

(2013). Toward a typology of medical tourists: A case study of Thailand. Tourism Management, 38, 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.003

181.

Wright

(2022). Tourism, the tourist experience and postmodernity. Theory, application and research. In Sharpley

(Ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Tourist Experience (pp. 9–23). Taylor & Francis Group.

182.

Jiang

(2018). Authenticity and loyalty at heritage sites: The moderation effect of postmodern authenticity. Tourism Management, 67, 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.013

183.

Yılmaz

(2020). The tourist typology in cultural tourism in Turkey: Flâneur and Choraster. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 10(1), 2–3.

184.

Zhang

Otomo

Nakajima

(2019). Cyberbullying detection on Twitter using multiple textual features [Conference session]. 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Awareness Science and Technology (iCAST). IEEE.

185.

Zhong

Sun

Law

(2021). Tourism crisis management: Evidence from COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(19), 2671–2682.

186.

Zhu

Fong

L. H. N.

Gan

(2023). Rethinking the consequences of postmodern authenticity: The case of a world cultural heritage in augmented reality. Current Issues in Tourism, 26, 1617–15631. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2033181

187.

Zins

(2008). Market segmentation in tourism. In Kroneberg

S. M. C.

Peters

Pikkemaat

Weiermeier

(Eds.), From the “old” to the “new” tourism. Managing change in the tourism industry (pp. 289–301). Erich Schmidt Verlag.

188.

Zotic

Alexandru

D.-E.

Dezsi

. (2014). Debate on tourism in postmodernism and beyond. Turisticko poslovanje, 13, 79–93. https://doi.org/10.5937/TurPos1413079Z

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

11.15 MB