Through the lenses of construal-level theory and goal-directed behavior theory, this study proposed and tested a conceptual model of tourists’ goal-directed behaviors. The proposed model depicted the impacts of tourism goal disclosure on tourists’ goal-directed behaviors through the mediation of goal commitment. The moderating role of temporal distance was also investigated. Two experimental studies were conducted to test hypotheses. Study 1 revealed that goal disclosure (vs. nondisclosure) on social media would enhance tourists’ commitment to tourism goals, which in turn would elicit more goal-directed behaviors. Study 2 further showed that the findings of study 1 are only applicable to the condition of short temporal distance. However, when it comes to the condition of long temporal distance, there is no significant difference in goal commitment and goal-directed behaviors regardless if the goal is disclosed or not. The findings of this study provided valuable theoretical and managerial implications.
AielloJ. R.DouthittE. A.2001. “Social Facilitation from Triplett to Electronic Performance Monitoring.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice5 (3): 163–80.
2.
AubéC.RousseauV.2005. “Team Goal Commitment and Team Effectiveness: The Role of Task Interdependence and Supportive Behaviors.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice9 (3): 189–204.
3.
BakerD. A.CromptonJ. L.2000. “Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions.” Annals of Tourism Research27 (3): 785–804.
4.
BaumeisterR. F.VohsK. D.2007. “Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass1 (1): 115–28.
5.
BazarovaN. N.ChoiY. H.2014. “Self-Disclosure in Social Media: Extending the Functional Approach to Disclosure Motivations and Characteristics on Social Network Sites.” Journal of Communication64 (4): 635–57.
6.
BoekaertsM.De KoningE.VedderP.2006. “Goal-Directed Behavior and Contextual Factors in the Classroom: An Innovative Approach to the Study of Multiple Goals.” Educational Psychologist41 (1): 33–51.
7.
BondC. F.TitusL. J.1983. “Social Facilitation: A Meta-Analysis of 241 Studies.” Psychological Bulletin94:265–92.
8.
BonezziA.BrendlC. M.De AngelisM.2011. “Stuck in the Middle: The Psychophysics of Goal Pursuit.” Psychological Science22 (5): 607–12.
9.
BrownJ. S.1948. “Gradients of Approach and Avoidance Responses and Their Relation to Level of Motivation.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology41 (6): 450–65.
10.
BuiN. A.KiatkawsinK.2020. “Examining Vietnamese Hard-Adventure Tourists’ Visit Intention Using an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Sustainability12 (5): 1747.
11.
BurkleyE.AndersonD.CurtisJ.BurkleyM.2013. “Vicissitudes of Goal Commitment: Satisfaction, Investments, and Alternatives.” Personality and Individual Differences54:663–68.
12.
ConfenteI.ScarpiD.2020. “Achieving Environmentally Responsible Behavior for Tourists and Residents: A Norm Activation Theory Perspective.” Journal of Travel Research59. Published online July 19. doi:10.1177/0047287520938875.
13.
CottrellN. B.WackD. L.SekerakG. J.RittleR. H.1968. “Social Facilitation of Dominant Responses by the Presence of an Audience and the Mere Presence of Others.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology9 (3): 245–50.
14.
CoxC.BurgessS.SellittoC.BuultjensJ.2009. “The Role of User-Generated Content in Tourists’ Travel Planning Behavior.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management18 (8): 743–64.
15.
DickinsonA.BalleineB.1994. “Motivational Control of Goal-Directed Action.” Animal Learning & Behavior22 (1): 1–18.
16.
EcclesJ. S.WigfieldA.2002. “Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals.” Annual Review of Psychology53 (1): 109–32.
17.
EchterhoffG.HigginsE. T.LevineJ. M.2009. “Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with Others’ Inner States about the World.” Perspectives on Psychological Science4 (5): 496–521.
18.
EchterhoffG.SchmalbachB.2018. “How Shared Reality Is Created in Interpersonal Communication.” Current Opinion in Psychology23:57–61.
19.
ErezM.KanferF. H.1983. “The Role of Goal Acceptance in Goal Setting and Task Performance.” Academy of Management Review8 (3): 454–63.
20.
FeinbergJ. M.AielloJ. R.2010. “The Effect of Challenge and Threat Appraisals under Evaluative Presence.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology40 (8): 2071–104.
21.
FitzpatrickJ.LiangS.FengD.CrawfordD.SorellG. T.Morgan-FlemingB.2006. “Social Values and Self-Disclosure: A Comparison of Chinese Native, Chinese Resident (in US) and North American Spouses.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies37 (1): 113–27.
22.
FishbachA.DharR.ZhangY.2006. “Subgoals as Substitutes or Complements: The Role of Goal Accessibility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology91 (2): 232–42.
23.
FishbachA.ShahJ. Y.2006. “Self-Control in Action: Implicit Dispositions Toward Goals and Away From Temptations.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology90 (5): 820–32.
24.
FörsterJ.HigginsE. T.IdsonL. C.1998. “Approach and Avoidance Strength during Goal Attainment: Regulatory Focus and the ‘Goal Looms Larger’ Effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology75 (5): 1115–31.
25.
GallarzaM. G.SauraI. G.Garcı́aH. C.2002. “Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework.” Annals of Tourism Research29 (1): 56–78.
26.
GeenR. G.GangeJ. J.1977. “Drive Theory of Social Facilitation: Twelve Years of Theory and Research.” Psychological Bulletin84 (6): 1267–88.
27.
GollwitzerP. M.SheeranP.MichalskiV.SeifertA. E.2009. “When Intentions Go Public: Does Social Reality Widen the Intention-Behavior Gap?” Psychological Science20 (5): 612–18.
28.
GoodK. J.1973. “Social Facilitation: Effects of Performance Anticipation, Evaluation, and Response Competition on Free Associations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology28 (2): 270–75.
29.
GretzelU.KangM.LeeW.2008. “Differences in Consumer-Generated Media Adoption and Use: A Cross-National Perspective.” Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing17 (1/2): 99–120.
30.
HairJ. F.BlackW. C.BabinB. J.AndersonR. E.2009. Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
31.
HardinC. D.HigginsE. T.1996. “Shared Reality: How Social Verification Makes the Subjective Objective.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, vol. 3, edited by SorrentinoR. M.HigginsE. T., 28–84. New York: Guilford.
32.
HarkinsS. G.2006. “Mere Effort as the Mediator of the Evaluation-Performance Relationship.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology91 (3): 436–55.
33.
HayesA. F.2009. “Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium.” Communication Monographs76:408–20.
34.
HayesA. F.2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford.
35.
HeathC.LarrickR. P.WuG.1999. “Goals as Reference Points.” Cognitive Psychology38 (1): 79–109.
36.
HollenbeckJ. R.KleinH. J.1987. “Goal Commitment and the Goal-Setting Process: Problems, Prospects, and Proposals for Future Research.” Journal of Applied Psychology72 (2): 212–20.
37.
HollenbeckJ. R.KleinH. J.OlearyA. M.WrightP. M.1989. “Investigation of the Construct Validity of a Self-Report Measure of Goal Commitment.” Journal of Applied Psychology74 (6): 951–56.
38.
HollenbeckJ. R.WilliamsC. R.KleinH. J.1989b. “An Empirical Examination of the Antecedents of Commitment to Difficult Goals.” Journal of Applied Psychology74 (1): 18–23.
39.
HuangS.ZhangY.BroniarczykS. M.2012. “So Near and Yet So Far: The Mental Representation of Goal Progress.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology103 (2): 225–41.
40.
HuangY.BasuC.HsuM. K.2010. “Exploring Motivations of Travel Knowledge Sharing on Social Network Sites: An Empirical Investigation of US College Students.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management19 (7): 717–34.
41.
HuseynovK.Costa PintoD.Maurer HerterM.RitaP.2020. “Rethinking Emotions and Destination Experience: An Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research44 (7): 1153–77.
42.
IngledewD. K.WrayJ. L.MarklandD.HardyL.2005. “Work Related Goal Perceptions and Affective Well-Being.” Journal of Health Psychology10:101–22.
43.
IoannouA.TussyadiahI.MillerG.2020. “That’s Private! Understanding Travelers’ Privacy Concerns and Online Data Disclosure.” Journal of Travel Research59. Published online September 11. doi:10.1177/0047287520951642.
44.
JanisI. L.1984. “Improving Adherence to Medical Recommendations: Prescriptive Hypotheses Derived from Recent Research in Social Psychology.” In Handbook of Psychology and Health, vol. 4, edited by BaumA.TaylorS. E.SingerJ. E., 113–48. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
45.
JinC.ChengJ.XuJ.2018. “Using User-Generated Content to Explore the Temporal Heterogeneity in Tourist Mobility.” Journal of Travel Research57 (6): 779–91.
46.
KatzevR.WangT.1994. “Can Commitment Change Behavior? A Case Study of Environmental Actions.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality9 (1): 13–26.
47.
KieslerC. A.1971. The Psychology of Commitment: Experiments Linking Behavior to Beliefs. New York: Academic Press.
48.
KimJ. S.LeeT. J.KimN.2020. “What Motivates People to Visit an Unknown Tourist Destination? Applying an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” International Journal of Tourism Research. Published online July 20. doi:10.1002/jtr.2388.
49.
KimM. J.PreisM. W.2015. “Why Seniors Use Mobile Devices: Applying an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing33 (3): 404–23.
50.
KivetzR.UrminskyO.ZhengY.2006. “The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention.” Journal of Marketing Research43 (1): 39–58.
51.
KleinH. J.CooperJ. T.MonahanC. A.2013. “Goal Commitment.” In LockeE. A.LathamG. P. (Eds.), New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance, pp. 65–89. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
52.
KleinH. J.LountR. B.ParkH. M.LinfordB. J.2020. “When Goals Are Known: The Effects of Audience Relative Status on Goal Commitment and Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology105 (4): 372–89.
53.
KleinH. J.MolloyJ. C.BrinsfieldC. T.2012. “Reconceptualizing Workplace Commitment to Redress a Stretched Construct: Revisiting Assumptions and Removing Confounds.” Academy of Management Review37 (1): 130–51.
54.
KleinH. J.WessonM. J.HollenbeckJ. R.WrightP. M.DeShonR. P.2001. “The Assessment of Goal Commitment: A Measurement Model Meta-Analysis.”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes85(1): 32–55.
55.
KleinH. J.WessonM. J.HollenbeckJ. R.AlgeB. J.1999. “Goal Commitment and the Goal-Setting Process: Conceptual Clarification and Empirical Synthesis.” Journal of Applied Psychology84 (6): 885–96.
56.
LamT.HsuC. H. C.2006. “Predicting Behavioral Intention of Choosing a Travel Destination.” Tourism Management27 (4): 589–99.
57.
LearyM. R.KowalskiR. M.1990. “Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model.” Psychological Bulletin107 (1): 34–47.
58.
LeeC. K.SongH. J.BendleL. J.KimM. J.HanH.2012. “The Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions for 2009 H1N1 Influenza on Travel Intentions: A Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Tourism Management33 (1): 89–99.
59.
LeeJ.KyleG. T.2014. “Segmenting Festival Visitors Using Psychological Commitment.” Journal of Travel Research53 (5): 656–69.
60.
LeiperN.1979. “The Framework of Tourism: Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the Tourist Industry.” Annals of Tourism Research6 (4): 390–407.
61.
LewinK.1952. “Group Decision and Social Change.” In Headings in Social Psychology, edited by NewcombT.HartleyE., 330–44. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
62.
LiaoH.2007. “Do It Right This Time: The Role of Employee Service Recovery Performance in Customer-Perceived Justice and Customer Loyalty after Service Failures.” Journal of Applied Psychology92 (2): 475–89.
63.
LibermanN.SagristanoM. D.TropeY.2002. “The Effect of Temporal Distance on Level of Mental Construal.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology38 (6): 523–34.
64.
LibermanN.TropeY.1998. “The Role of Feasibility and Desirability Considerations in Near and Distant Future Decisions: A Test of Temporal Construal Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology75 (1): 5–18.
65.
LindbergE.WincentJ.2011. “Goal Commitment and Performance: An Empirical Study Incorporating Role-Stress Literature to Reveal Functional and Dysfunctional Influences.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology41 (11): 2634–55.
66.
LockeE. A.1968. “Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance3 (2): 157–89.
67.
LockeE. A.BryanJ. F.1968. “Goal-Setting as a Determinant of the Effect of Knowledge of Score on Performance.” American Journal of Psychology81 (3): 398–406.
68.
LockeE. A.BryanJ. F.1969. “The Directing Function of Goals in Task Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance4 (1): 35–42.
69.
LockeE. A.CartledgeN.KnerrC. S.1970. “Studies of the Relationship between Satisfaction, Goal-Setting, and Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance5 (2): 135–58.
70.
LockeE. A.LathamG. P.1990. A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
71.
LockeE. A.LathamG. P.2002. “Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35-Year Odyssey.” American Psychologist57 (9): 705–17.
72.
LockeE. A.LathamG. P.2006. “New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory.” Current Directions in Psychological Science15 (5): 265–68.
73.
LockeE. A.LathamG. P.2013. New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance. New York: Routledge.
74.
LockeE. A.LathamG. P.ErezM.1988. “The Determinants of Goal Commitment.” Academy of Management Review13 (1): 23–39.
MayoE.1975. “Tourism and the National Parks: A Psychographic and Attitudinal Study.” Journal of Travel Research14 (1): 14–21.
77.
MayoE. J.JarvisL. P.1981. The Psychology of Leisure Travel: Effective Marketing and Selling of Travel Services. Boston: CBI Publishing.
78.
McCaulK. D.HinszV. B.McCaulH. S.1987. “The Effects of Commitment to Performance Goals on Effort.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology17 (5): 437–52.
79.
MengB.ChoiK.2016. “The Role of Authenticity in Forming Slow Tourists’ Intentions: Developing an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Tourism Management57:397–410.
80.
MengB.HanH.2016. “Effect of Environmental Perceptions on Bicycle Travelers’ Decision-Making Process: Developing an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research21 (11): 1184–97.
81.
MunarA. M.JacobsenJ. K. S.2014. “Motivations for Sharing Tourism Experiences through Social Media.” Tourism Management43:46–54.
82.
NaylorJ. C.IlgenD. R.1984. “Goal Setting: A Theoretical Analysis of a Motivational Technology.” Research in Organizational Behavior6 (1): 95–140.
83.
NunesJ. C.DrezeX.2006. “The Endowed Progress Effect: How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort.” Journal of Consumer Research32 (4): 504–12.
84.
OettingenG.MayerD.SevincerA. T.StephensE. J.PakH.HagenahM.2009. “Mental Contrasting and Goal Commitment: The Mediating Role of Energization.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin35:608–22.
85.
OhH.AssafA. G.BalogluS.2016. “Motivations and Goals of Slow Tourism.” Journal of Travel Research55 (2): 205–19.
86.
O’Leary-KellyA. M.MartocchioJ. J.FrinkD. D.1994. “A Review of the Influence of Group Goals on Group Performance.” Academy of Management Journal37 (5): 1285–301.
87.
OstlundS. B.BalleineB. W.2009. “Goal-Directed Behavior Theories.” In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, edited by SquireL. R., 943–49. Oxford: Academic Press.
88.
PallakM. S.CookD. A.SullivanJ.1980. “Commitment and Energy Conservation.” In Applied Social Psychology Annual, edited by BickmanL., 15–40. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
89.
ParkE.LeeS.PetersD. J.2017. “Iowa Wetlands Outdoor Recreation Visitors’ Decision-Making Process: An Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism17 (17): 64–76.
90.
PenzE.HofmannE.HartlB.2017. “Fostering Sustainable Travel Behavior: Role of Sustainability Labels and Goal-Directed Behavior Regarding Touristic Services.” Sustainability9 (6): 1056.
91.
PeruginiM.BagozziR. P.2001. “The Role of Desires and Anticipated Emotions in Goal-Directed Behaviours: Broadening and Deepening the Theory of Planned Behaviour.” British Journal of Social Psychology40 (1): 79–98.
92.
PonsignonF.LunardoR.MichrafyM.2020. “Why Are International Visitors More Satisfied with the Tourism Experience? The Role of Hedonic Value, Escapism, and Psychic Distance.” Journal of Travel Research59. Published online October 1. doi:10.1177/0047287520961175.
93.
PressleeA.VanceT. W.WebbR. A.2013. “The Effects of Reward Type on Employee Goal Setting, Goal Commitment, and Performance.” Accounting Review88:1805–31.
94.
PrinzW.1997. “Perception and Action Planning.” European Journal of Cognitive Psychology9 (2): 129–54.
95.
PudlinerB. A.2007. “Alternative Literature and Tourist Experience: Travel and Tourist Weblogs.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change5 (1): 46–59.
96.
RiedelJ. A.NebekerD. M.CooperB. L.1988. “The Influence of Monetary Incentives on Goal Choice, Goal Commitment, and Task Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes42 (2): 155–80.
97.
SalancikG. R.1977. “Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief.” In New Directions in Organizational Behavior, edited by StawB. M.SalancikG. R., 1–54. Chicago: St. Clair Press.
98.
SeoE.PatallE. A.HendersonM. D.SteingutR. R.2018. “The Effects of Goal Origin and Implementation Intentions on Goal Commitment, Effort, and Performance.” Journal of Experimental Education86 (3): 386–401.
99.
SongH.YouG. J.ReisingerY.LeeC. K.LeeS. K.2014. “Behavioral Intention of Visitors to an Oriental Medicine Festival: An Extended Model of Goal Directed Behavior.” Tourism Management42:101–13.
100.
SongH. J.LeeC. K.NormanW. C.HanH.2012. “The Role of Responsible Gambling Strategy in Forming Behavioral Intention: An Application of a Model of Goal-Directed Behavior.” Journal of Travel Research51 (4): 512–23.
101.
StaatsH.HarlandP.WilkeH. A.2004. “Effecting Durable Change: A Team Approach to Improve Environmental Behavior in the Household.” Environment and Behavior36 (3): 341–67.
102.
SteinmetzJ.PfattheicherS.2017. “Beyond Social Facilitation: A Review of the Far-Reaching Effects of Social Attention.” Social Cognition35 (5): 585–99.
103.
SuL.ChengJ.HuangY.2020. “How Do Group Size and Group Familiarity Influence Tourist Satisfaction? The Mediating Role of Perceived Value.” Journal of Travel Research59. Published online November 16. doi:10.1177/0047287520966384.
104.
SuL.ChengJ.SwansonS. R.2020. “The Impact of Tourism Activity Type on Emotion and Storytelling: The Moderating Roles of Travel Companion Presence and Relative Ability.” Tourism Management81:104138.
105.
SuL.HsuM. K.2013. “Service Fairness, Consumption Emotions, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: The Experience of Chinese Heritage Tourists.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing30 (8): 786–805.
106.
SuL.HsuM. K.SwansonS. R.2017. “The Effect of Tourist Relationship Perception on Destination Loyalty at a World Heritage Site in China: The Mediating Role of Overall Destination Satisfaction and Trust.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research41 (2): 180–210.
107.
SuL.HuangS.ChenX.2015. “Effects of Service Fairness and Service Quality on Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions and Subjective Well-Being.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing32 (3): 290–307.
108.
SuL.LianQ.HuangY.2020. “How Do Tourists’ Attribution of Destination Social Responsibility Motives Impact Trust and Intention to Visit? The Moderating Role of Destination Reputation.” Tourism Management77:103970.
109.
SuL.SwansonS. R.2019. “Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility’s Impact on the Well-Being and Supportive Green Behaviors of Hotel Employees: The Mediating Role of the Employee-Corporate Relationship.” Tourism Management72:437–50.
110.
SuL.SwansonS. R.ChinchanachokchaS.HsuM. K.ChenX.2016. “Reputation and Intentions: The Role of Satisfaction, Identification, and Commitment.” Journal of Business Research69 (9): 3261–69.
111.
SuL.TangB.NawijnJ.2020. “Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being Pattern Changes: Intensity and Activity.” Annals of Tourism Research84:103008.
112.
Sue-ChanC.OngM.2002. “Goal Assignment and Performance: Assessing the Mediating Roles of Goal Commitment and Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Power Distance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes89 (2): 1140–61.
113.
TropeY.LibermanN.2000. “Temporal Construal and Time-Dependent Changes in Preference.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology79 (6): 876–89.
TubbsM. E.2001. “Goal Setting Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology.” In Multiple Perspectives on the Effects of Evaluation on Performance, edited by HarkinsS. G., 25–46. Boston: Springer.
116.
UmS.CromptonJ. L.1992. “The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitators in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions.” Journal of Travel Research30 (3): 18–25.
117.
VigliaG.DolnicarS.2020. “A Review of Experiments in Tourism and Hospitality.” Annals of Tourism Research80:102858.
118.
WangX.HuangY.LiX.PengL.2016. “A Moderated Mediation Model of Sharing Travel Experience on Social Media: Motivations and Face Orientations in Chinese Culture.” Journal of China Tourism Research12 (1): 42–64.
119.
WigfieldA.EcclesJ. S.2000. “Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation.” Contemporary Educational Psychology25 (1): 68–81.
120.
WilsonA.MurphyH.FierroJ. C.2012. “Hospitality and Travel: The Nature and Implications of User-Generated Content.” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly53 (3): 220–28.
121.
Wofford JerryC.GoodwinV. L.PremackS.1992. “Meta-analysis of the Antecedents of Personal Goal Level and of the Antecedents and Consequences of Goal Commitment.” Journal of Management18 (3): 595–615.
122.
WrightP. M.OlearykellyA. M.CortinaJ. M.KleinH. J.HollenbeckJ. R.1994. “On the Meaning and Measurement of Goal Commitment.” Journal of Applied Psychology79 (6): 795–803.
123.
WuM. Y.PearceP. L.2017. “Understanding Chinese Overseas Recreational Vehicle Tourists: A Netnographic and Comparative Approach.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research41 (6): 696–718.
124.
YiY.GongT.LeeH.2013. “The Impact of Other Customers on Customer Citizenship Behavior.” Psychology & Marketing30 (4): 341–56.
125.
YooJ. J.KimD.MoonJ.2012. “Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in Self-Presentation and Self-Disclosure in Social Networking Sites: A Comparison of Korean and American SNS Users.” Journal of Advertising and Promotion Research1 (2): 77–118.
126.
ZajoncR. B.1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need no Inferences.” American Psychologist35:151–75.
127.
ZhuM.BagchiR.HockS. J.2018. “The Mere Deadline Effect: Why More Time Might Sabotage Goal Pursuit.” Journal of Consumer Research45 (5): 1068–84.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
