Adopting a mixed method of ethnographic fieldwork approach and critical discourse analysis, we explored the implicit power relations between a private company and local residents in Chongdu Valley, China. Three themes—destination image, development outcomes, and institutions and regulations—were identified within the discourses of the two groups and then examined for their intertextuality and congruence/incongruence. The findings suggested that in spite of congruence on destination image and overall development outcomes, the two groups held conflicting values, theories, and attitudes, and thus divergent discourses toward a range of tourism development issues. We concluded with a series of suggestions on how the power structure of Chongdu Valley should be changed to mitigate the relationship between the community and the private company, and comments regarding the effectiveness of discourse analysis as a research tool in uncovering implicit power relations at the community level.
AkamaJohn S.KietiDamiannah. 2007. “Tourism and Socio-economic Development in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Mombasa Resort in Kenya.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism15 (6): 735–48.
2.
AlvessonMatsKarremanDan. 2000. “Varieties of Discourse: On the Study of Organizations through Discourse Analysis.”Human Relations53 (9): 1125–49.
3.
AndereckKathleen L.ValentineKarin M.KnopfRichard C.VogtChristine A.2005. “Residents’ Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts.”Annals of Tourism Research32 (4): 1056–76.
4.
BramwellBillMeyerDorothea. 2007. “Power and Tourism Policy Relations in Transition.”Annals of Tourism Research34 (3): 766–88.
5.
BramwellBillSharmanAngela. 1999. “Collaboration in Local Tourism Policymaking.”Annals of Tourism Research26 (2): 392–415.
6.
CaffynAlisonJobbinsGuy. 2003. “Governance Capacity and Stakeholder Interactions in the Development and Management of Coastal Tourism: Examples from Morocco and Tunisia.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism11 (2/3): 224–45.
7.
ChoiHwansuk ChrisMurrayIain. 2010. “Resident Attitudes toward Sustainable Community Tourism.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism18 (4): 575–94.
8.
ChoiH. C.SirakayaE.2006. “Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism.”Tourism Management27 (6): 1274–89.
9.
CornetCandice. 2015. “Tourism Development and Resistance in China.”Annals of Tourism Research52:29–43.
10.
CoulthardMalcolmCoulthardMargaret. 2014. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. New York: Routledge.
11.
DecropAlain. 1999. “Triangulation in Qualitative Tourism Research.”Tourism Management20 (1): 157–61.
12.
FaircloughNorman. 2003. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
13.
FlintCourtney G.LuloffAl E.FinleyJames C.2008. “Where Is ‘Community’ in Community-Based Forestry?”Society and Natural Resources21 (6): 526–37.
14.
FoucaultMichel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
15.
FoucaultMichel. 1990. The History of Sexuality. Volume 1: An Introduction. London: Penguin.
16.
GaventaJohn. 1982. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
17.
GeeJames Paul. 2014. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, 4th ed.New York: Routledge.
18.
GoodwinHaroldSantilliRosa. 2009. “Community-Based Tourism: A Success.”ICRT Occasional Paper11 (1): 37.
19.
HajerMaartenVersteegWytske. 2005. “A Decade of Discourse Analysis of Environmental Politics: Achievements, Challenges, Perspectives.”Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning7 (3): 175–84.
20.
HalfacreeKeith H.1993. “Locality and Social Representation: Space, Discourse and Alternative Definitions of the Rural.”Journal of Rural Studies9 (1): 23–37.
21.
HastingsAnnette. 1999. “Analysing Power Relations in Partnerships: Is There a Role for Discourse Analysis?”Urban Studies36 (1): 91–106.
22.
JamalTazim B.GetzDonald. 1995. “Collaboration Theory and Community Tourism Planning.”Annals of Tourism Research22 (1): 186–204.
23.
JonesOwain. 1995. “Lay Discourses of the Rural: Developments and Implications for Rural Studies.”Journal of Rural Studies11 (1): 35–49.
24.
KibichoWanjohi. 2008. “Community-Based Tourism: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism16 (2): 211–31.
25.
KreftingLaura. 1991. “Rigor in Qualitative Research: The Assessment of Trustworthiness.”American Journal of Occupational Therapy45 (3): 214–22.
26.
LewAlan A.1996. “Tourism Management on American Indian Lands in the USA.”Tourism Management17 (5): 355–65.
27.
LiYiping. 2004. “Exploring Community Tourism in China: The Case of Nanshan Cultural Tourism Zone.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism12 (3): 175–93.
28.
MarkwickMarion C.2000. “Golf Tourism Development, Stakeholders, Differing Discourses and Alternative Agendas: The Case of Malta.”Tourism Management21 (5): 515–24.
29.
MillikenJennifer. 1999. “The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods.”European Journal of International Relations5 (2): 225–54.
30.
MurphyPeter E.2013. Tourism: A Community Approach. New York: Routledge.
31.
OkazakiEtsuko. 2008. “A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism16 (5): 511–29.
32.
OstromElinor. 2015. Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
PalmerNeal A.PerkinsDouglas D.XuQingwen. 2011. “Social Capital and Community Participation among Migrant Workers in China.”Journal of Community Psychology39 (1): 89–105.
34.
ReedMaureen G.1997. “Power Relations and Community-Based Tourism Planning.”Annals of Tourism Research24 (3): 566–91.
35.
ReedMaureen G.GillA. M.1997. “Tourism, Recreational, and Amenity Values in Land Allocation: An Analysis of Institutional Arrangements in the Postproductivist Era.”Environment and Planning A29 (11): 2019–40.
36.
RichardsonTim. 1996. “Foucauldian Discourse: Power and Truth in Urban and Regional Policy Making.”European Planning Studies4 (3): 279–92.
37.
SalazarNoel B.2012. “Community-Based Cultural Tourism: Issues, Threats and Opportunities.”Journal of Sustainable Tourism20 (1): 9–22.
38.
SandbrookChris. 2010. “Local Economic Impact of Different Forms of Nature-Based Tourism.”Conservation Letters3 (1): 21–28.
39.
SantosCarla AlmeidaBelhassenYanivCatonKellee. 2008. “Reimagining Chinatown: An Analysis of Tourism Discourse.”Tourism Management29 (5): 1002–12.
StamouAnastasia G.ParaskevopoulosStephanos. 2004. “Images of Nature by Tourism and Environmentalist Discourses in Visitors Books: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Ecotourism.”Discourse and Society15 (1): 105–29.
42.
StraussAnselmCorbinJuliet. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
43.
SuMing MingWallGeoffrey. 2014. “Community Participation in Tourism at a World Heritage Site: Mutianyu Great Wall, Beijing, China.”International Journal of Tourism Research16 (2): 146–56.
Van DamFrankHeinsSaskiaElbersenBerien S.2002. “Lay Discourses of the Rural and Stated and Revealed Preferences for Rural Living. Some Evidence of the Existence of a Rural Idyll in the Netherlands.”Journal of Rural Studies18 (4): 461–76.
46.
Van DijkTeun A.1993. “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.”Discourse and Society4 (2): 249–83.
47.
VernonJonEssexStephenPinderDavidCurryKaja. 2005. “Collaborative Policymaking: Local Sustainable Projects.”Annals of Tourism Research32 (2): 325–45.
48.
WangHuiYangZhaopingChenLiYangJingjingLiRui. 2010. “Minority Community Participation in Tourism: A Case of Kanas Tuva Villages in Xinjiang, China.”Tourism Management31 (6): 759–64.
49.
WilliamsJohnLawsonRob. 2001. “Community Issues and Resident Opinions of Tourism.”Annals of Tourism Research28 (2): 269–90.
50.
XiaoHonggen. 2006. “The Discourse of Power: Deng Xiaoping and Tourism Development in China.”Tourism Management27 (5): 803–14.
51.
XueLanKerstetterDeborahBuzindeChristine N.2015. “Residents’ Experiences with Tourism Development and Resettlement in Luoyang, China.”Tourism Management46:444–53.
52.
YanGraceSantosCarla Almeida. 2009. “‘CHINA, FOREVER’: Tourism Discourse and Self-Orientalism.”Annals of Tourism Research36 (2): 295–315.
53.
YingTianyuZhouYongguang. 2007. “Community, Governments and External Capitals in China’s Rural Cultural Tourism: A Comparative Study of Two Adjacent Villages.”Tourism Management28 (1): 96–107.
