The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital. The concept of social capital has emerged from several disciplines. Social capital has been used extensively among communities exploring a variety of economic development options, including sustainable agriculture and entrepreneurship. As part of a larger project, 307 tourism stakeholders in a four-county region of Virginia are identified and surveyed regarding their (1) perceptions of tourism-related social capital of the area and (2) perceptions of built, financial, natural, cultural, human, and political capital. Using structural equation modeling, analysis of the results shows that there is a relationship between length of residence and tourism-related social capital as well as a relationship between tourism-related social capital and cultural capital, political capital, human capital, private built capital, and financial capital, but no relationship exists between tourism-related social capital and public built capital or natural capital.
Aitchison, C., and T. Evans ( 2003). "The Cultural Industries and a Model of Sustainable Regeneration: Manufacturing ‘pop’ in the Rhondda Valleys of South Wales." Managing Leisure, 8 (3): 133-44.
2.
Andereck, K., and N.G. McGehee ( 2008) "The Attitudes of Community Residents towards Tourism." In Tourism, Recreation, and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment, edited by S. F. McCool and R. N. Moisey.Wallingford, UK: CABI.
3.
Andereck, K., K.M. Valentine, R.C. Knopf, and C.A. Vogt ( 2005). "Residents’ Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts."Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 1056-76.
4.
Anderson, J.C., and D.W. Gerbing ( 1988). "Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach."Psychological Bulletin, 103 (3): 411-23.
5.
Andrep, H.J., and T. Heien ( 2001). "Four World of Welfare State Attitudes? A Comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States." European Sociological Review, 17 (4): 337-56.
6.
Arcodia, C., and M. Whitford ( 2002). "The Impact of Event Tourism on City Renewal." In City Tourism 2002-Proceedings of European Cities Tourism’s International Conference, edited by K. Wober. Vienna, Austria.
7.
Baker, K., and A. Coulter ( 2007). "Terrorism and Tourism: The Vulnerability of Beach Vendors Livelihoods in Bali." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (3): 249-66.
8.
Barr, A. ( 1998). Enterprise Performance and the Functional Diversity of Social Capital. Working Paper Series 98-1. University of Oxford, Institute of Economics and Statistics , Oxford, UK.
9.
Briggs, X. ( 1998). "Brown Kids in White Suburbs: Housing Mobility and the Multiple Faces of Social Capital." Housing Policy Debate, 9 (10): 177-221.
10.
Byrd, E. ( 2007). "Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism Development and Their Roles: Applying Stakeholder Theory to Sustainable Tourism Development ." Tourism Review, 62 (2): 6-13.
11.
Carpenter, J.P., A.G. Daniere, and L.M. Takahashi ( 2004). "Social Capital and Trust in South-East Asian Cities."Urban Studies, 41 (4): 853-74.
12.
Chhabra, D. ( 2008). "Baby Boom Generation Perceptions of Casino Gambling Impacts within Social Exchange Theory Settings." Anatolia , 19 (1): 71-88.
13.
Coleman, J. ( 1988). "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95-120.
14.
Dasgupta, P., and I. Serageldin ( 2000). Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
15.
Dillman, D.A. ( 1978). Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York: John Wiley.
16.
Dredge, D. ( 2002). "Networks, Conflict and Collaborative Communities." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14 (6): 562-81.
17.
Easterling, D. ( 2005). "Residents and Tourism: What Is Really at Stake?" Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 18 (4): 49-64.
18.
Etzioni, A. ( 1988). The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics. New York: Free Press.
19.
Fallon, L., and L. Kriwoken ( 2003). "Community Involvement in Tourism Infrastructure-The Case of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania." Tourism Management , 24: 289-308.
20.
Flora, C.B. ( 1997). "Building Social Capital: The Importance of Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure."Rural Development News, 21, 2. http://www.dgroups.org/groups/worldbank/MENA-CEN/docs/Building_Social_Capital.doc (accessed October 31, 2008).
21.
Flora, C.B. ( 2004). "Community Dynamics and Social Capital." In Agroecosystems Analysis, edited by D. Rickerl and C. Francis.Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., pp. 93-107.
22.
George. E.W., and D.G. Reid ( 2005). "The Power of Tourism: A Metamorphosis of Community Culture."Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 3 (2): 88-107.
23.
Gerbing, D.W., and J.C. Anderson ( 1985). "The Effect of Sampling Error and Model Characteristics on Parameter Estimation for Maximum Likelihood Confirmatory Factor Analysis."Multivariate Behavioral Research, 20: 255-71.
24.
Grootaert, C. ( 1998). "Social Capital: The Missing Link?" In Monitoring Environmental Progress-Expanding the Measure of Wealth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
25.
Hair, J.F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.E. Anderson, and R.L. Tatham ( 2005). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
26.
Hall, C.M. ( 1999). "Rethinking Collaboration and Partnership: A Public Policy Perspective." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7 (3/4): 274-89.
27.
Hall, C.M. ( 2004). "Small Firms and Wine and Food Tourism in New Zealand: Issues of Collaboration, Clusters, and Lifestyles." In Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives, edited by R. Thomas.Oxford, UK: Elsevier, pp. 167-81.
28.
Hanifan, L.J. ( 1916). "The Rural School Community Centre."Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67: 130-8.
29.
Harpham, T., E. Grant, and E. Thomas ( 2002). "Measuring Social Capital within Health Surveys: Key Issues." Health Policy and Planning, 17: 106-11.
30.
Hutchinson, J., and A.C. Vidal ( 2004). "Using Social Capital to Help Integrate Planning Theory, Research, and Practice." Journal of the American Planning Association, 70 (2): 142-89.
31.
Jamal, T.B., and D. Getz ( 1995). "Collaboration Theory and Community Tourism Planning ." Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (1): 186-204.
32.
Johannesson, G., U. Dis Skaptadottir, and K. Benediktsson (2003). "Coping with Social Capital? The Cultural Economy of Tourism in the North." Sociologia Ruralis, 43 (1): 3-16.
33.
Jones, S. ( 2005). "Community-based Ecotourism-The Significance of Social Capital." Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (2): 303-24.
34.
Kang, S.K., C.K. Lee, Y. Yoon, and P.T. Long ( 2008). "Resident Perception of the Impact of Limited-Stakes Community-based Casino Gaming in Mature Gaming Communities."Tourism Management, 29 (4): 681-94.
35.
Karlsson, S.E. ( 2005). "The Social and the Cultural Capital of a Place and Their Influence on the Production of Tourism-A Theoretical Reflection Based on an Illustrative Case Study." Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5 (2): 102-15.
36.
Krishna, A. ( 2001). "Moving from the Stock of Social Capital to the Flow of Benefits: The Role of Agency." World Development, 29: 925-43.
37.
Krishna, A., and E. Shrader ( 2000). "Cross-Cultural Measures of Social Capital: A Tool and Results from India and Panama."Social Capital Initiative Working Paper. No. 21. Washington, DC: World Bank.
38.
Larsen, L., S. Harlan, B. Bollin, E. Hackett, D. Hope, A. Kirby, A. Nelson, T. Rex, and S. Wolf ( 2004). "Bonding and Bridging: Understanding the Relationship between Social Capital and Civic Action." Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24: 64-77.
39.
Lichrou, M., and L. O’Malley (2006). "Mining and Tourism: Conflicts in the Marketing of Milos Island as a Tourism Destination."Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 3 (1): 35-46.
40.
Loury, G. ( 1977). "A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences." In Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination, edited by P. A. Wallace and A. LeMund.Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 153-86.
41.
Macbeth, J., D. Carson, and J. Northcote ( 2004). "Social Capital, Tourism and Regional Development: SPCC as a Basis for Innovation and Sustainability."Current Issues in Tourism, 7 (6): 502-22.
42.
Manyara, G., and E. Jones ( 2007). "Community-based Tourism Enterprises Development in Kenya: An Exploration of Their Potential as Avenues of Poverty Reduction." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (6): 628-44.
43.
McGehee, N.G., and K. Andereck ( 2004). "Factors Influencing Rural Resident’s Support of Tourism."Journal of Travel Research, 43 (2): 131-40.
44.
McGehee, N.G., and K. Kim ( 2004). "Motivation for Agri-Tourism Entrepreneurship."Journal of Travel Research, 43 (2): 161-70.
45.
Moscardo, G. ( 2007). "Analyzing the Role of Festivals and Events in Regional Development." Event Management, 11: 22-23.
46.
Neal, J.D., M. Uysal, and M.J. Sirgy ( 2007). "The Effect of Tourism Services on Travelers’ Quality of Life." Journal of Travel Research, 46: 154-63.
47.
Nilsson, P. ( 2007). "Stakeholder Theory: The Need for a Convenor: The Case of Billund." Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism , 7 (2): 171-84.
48.
Okazaki, E. ( 2008). "A Community-based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use." Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16 (5): 511-29.
49.
Pappas, N.V. ( 2008). "City of Rhodes: Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Impacts and Development." Anatolia, 19 (1): 51-70.
50.
Patterson, T., and L. Rodriguez ( 2003). "The Political Ecology of Tourism in the Commonwealth of Dominica." In Tourism and Development in Tropical Islands: Political Ecology Perspectives, edited by S. Gossling.Northampton, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 60-87.
51.
Plummer, R., C. Kulczycki, and C. Stacey ( 2006). "How Are We Working Together? A Framework to Assess Collaborative Arrangements in Nature-based Tourism. Current Issues in Tourism , 9 (6): 499-515.
52.
Portes, A. ( 1998). "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 1-24.
53.
Putnam, R.D. ( 1993). "The Prosperous Community-Social Capital and Public Life ." The American Prospect, 13: 35-42.
54.
Ramaswamy, V., and W. Kuentzel ( 1998). "Rural Restructuring and the Transition of a Tourism-dependent Community."Tourism Analysis, 3 (2): 63-76.
55.
Roberts, L. ( 2004). "Capital Accumulation-Tourism and Development Processes in Central and Eastern Europe." In Tourism and Transition: Governance, Transformation and Development, edited by D. R. Hall.Oxfordshire, UK: CABI , pp. 53-63.
56.
Sheehan, L., J.R. Ritchie, and S. Hudson ( 2007). "The Destination Promotion Triad: Understanding Asymmetric Stakeholder Interdependencies among the City, Hotels, and DMO."Journal of Travel Research, 46 (1): 64-74.
57.
Simpson, D. ( 2001). Rogues, Rebels, and Rubber Stamps: The Politics of the Chicago City Council from 1863 to the Present. Boulder, CO: Westview.
58.
Warren, M.R., J.P. Thompson, and S. Saegert ( 2001). "The Role of Social Capital in Combating Poverty." In Social Capital and Poor Communities, edited by S. Saegert, J. Thompson, and M. R. Warren. New York: Russell Sage, pp. 1-28. Willtshier, P. (2007). "Visibility from Invisibility: The Role of Mentoring in Community-based Tourism."Tourism , 55 (4): 375-90.
59.
Woolcock, M., and D. Narayan ( 2000). "Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy."The World Bank Research Observer, 15: 225-49.
60.
Wu, S., P. Wei, and J. Chen ( 2008). "Influential Factors and Relational Structure of Internet Banner Advertising in the Tourism Industry." Tourism Management , 29: 221-36.
