The factors motivating students to take part in overseas study programs are instrumental in understanding the phenomenon of visiting students and other participants in educational tours to Israel. In this study, the reasons why American Jewish students come to study in Israel are examined. Multidimensional data analysis reveals four motivational categories: religion, tourism, religion and tourism combined, and other.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Arnow, D. (1994). “Toward a Psychology of Jewish Identity: A Multi- Dimensional Approach.” Journal of Jewish Communal Service, 71: 29-36.
2.
Bauman, Z. (1996). “From Pilgrim to Tourist—Or a Short History of Identity.” In Questions of Cultural Identity, edited by S. Hall and P. Du Gay. London: Sage, pp. 18-36.
3.
Ben-Sira, Z., and L. Guttman (1971). A Facet Theoretical Approach to Research on the Use of Media and on Attitudes among Elite Groups. Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research.
4.
Bochner, S., ed. (1982). Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
5.
Boorstin, D. (1964). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in American Society. New York: Harper & Row.
6.
Borg, I., ed. (1981). Multidimensional Data Representations: When and Why. Ann Arbor, MI: Mathesis.
7.
Bouganim, A. (1988). Short Term Programs: Tourism and Education. Jerusalem: Jewish Education Committee of the Jewish Agency.
8.
Bruner, E. (1996). “Tourism in Ghana: The Representation of Slavery and the Return of the Black Diaspora.” American Anthropologist, 98 (2): 290-304.
9.
Canter, D., ed. (1985). Facet Theory: Approaches to Social Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag.
10.
Carlson, J., B. Burn, J. Useem, and D. Yachimovicz (1990). Study Abroad: The Experience of American Undergraduates. New York: Green- wood.
11.
Carlson, J., and K. Widaman (1988). “The Effects of Study Abroad during College on Attitudes toward Other Cultures.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12 (1): 1-18.
12.
Chazan, B. (1992). “The Israel Trip as Jewish Education.” Agenda, 1 (Fall): 30-34.
13.
Cohen, E. (1979). “A Phenomenology of Tourist Experience.” Sociology, 13: 179-201.
14.
Cohen, E. H. (1986). “Tourisme et Identité.” Pardès, 4: 84-97.
15.
Cohen, E. H. (1998). The Israel University Experience: A Comprehensive Study of Visiting Students in Israel 1994-1997. Jerusalem: Jewish Agency for Israel.
16.
Cohen, E. H. (1999). “Informal Marketing of Israel Experience Educational Tours.” Journal of Travel Research, 37 (3): 238-243.
17.
Cohen, E. H. (2000). “Multidimensional Analysis of International Social Indicators.” Social Indicators Research, 50 (1): 83-106.
18.
Cohen, E. H. (2001). “A Structural Analysis of the R. Kahane Code of Informality: Elements toward a Theory of Informal Education.” Sociological Inquiry, 71 (3): 357-380.
19.
Cohen, E. H., and R. Amar (1993). “External Variables in WSSA1 (Including External Profiles and POSAC Regions): A Contribution.” Paper presented at the Fourth International Facet Theory Conference, July, Prague.
20.
Cohen, E. H., and R. Amar (1999). “External Variables as Points in SSA: Comparison with Unfolding Techniques.” Paper presented at the 7th International Facet Theory Conference, August, Berne.
21.
Cohen, E. H., and R. Amar (2002). “External Variables as Points in Smallest Space Analysis: A Theoretical, Mathematical and Computer-Based Contribution.” Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 75: 40-56.
22.
Cohen, E. H., R. A. Clifton, and L. W. Roberts (2001). “The Cognitive Domain of the Quality of Life of University Students: A Re-Analysis of an Instrument.” Social Indicators Research, 53: 63-77.
23.
Cohen, S. (1986). Jewish Travel to Israel: Incentives and Inhibitions among US and Canadian Teenagers and Young Adults. Jerusalem: Jewish Education Committee, Jewish Agency for Israel.
24.
Davis, T. (1996). “U.S. Study Abroad.” In Open Doors 1995-1996: Report on International Educational Exchange, edited by T. Davis. New York: Institute of International Education.
25.
Desforges, Luke (1998). “Checking Out the Planet: Global Representations/Local Identities and Youth Travel.” In Cool Places: Geographies of Youth Cultures, edited by Tracey Skelton and Gill Valentine. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
26.
Dumazedier, J. (1974). Sociologie empirique du loisir, Critique et contre-critique de la civilisation du loisir. Paris: Le Seuil.
27.
Elizur, D., and L. Guttman (1976). “The Structure of Attitudes toward Work and Technological Change within an Organization.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 611-622.
28.
Fontaine, G. (1994). “Presence Seeking and Sensation Seeking as Motives for International Travel.” Psychological Reports, 75 (2): 1583-1586.
29.
Fulbright, J., with S. Tillman (1989). The Price of Empire. New York: Pantheon.
30.
Goffman, E. (1961). Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. New York: Bobbs Merrill.
31.
Goldfarb Consultants (1991). Attitudes toward Travel to Israel among Jewish Adults and Jewish Youth. Jerusalem: Goldfarb Consultants.
32.
Goodwin, C., and M. Nact (1991). Missing the Boat: The Failure to Internationalize American Higher Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
33.
Guttman, L. (1968). “A General Nonmetric Technique for Finding the Smallest Coordinate Space for a Configuration of Points.” Psychometrika, 33: 469-506.
34.
Guttman, L. (1982). “Facet Theory, Smallest Space Analysis, and Factor Analysis.” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54: 491-493.
35.
Guttman, L. (1986). “Coefficients of Polytonicity and Monotonicity.” In Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, vol. 7. New York: John Wiley, pp. 80-87.
36.
Guttman, L., and S. Levy(1976). Values and Attitudes of Israel High School Youth. Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research.
37.
Halpern, J. (1993). “A Comparative Study of Adjustment Difficulties of American Male and Female Students in Israeli Institutions of Higher Learning.” Ten Da'at, Fall, 45-48.
38.
Herman, S. (1962). “American Jewish Students in Israel: A Social Psychological Study in Cross-Cultural Education.” Jewish Social Studies, 34: 3-29.
39.
Herman, S. (1970). American Students in Israel. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
40.
Herman, S. (1977). Jewish Identity: A Social Psychological Perspective. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
41.
Hox, J. J., G. J. Mellenbergh, and P. G. Swanborn, eds. (1995). Facet Theory: Analysis and Design. Zeist: SETOS.
42.
Huang, J. (1997). Chinese Students and Scholars in American Higher Education. Westport, CT: Praeger.
43.
Kleinberg, O. (1970). “Psychological Aspects of Student Exchange.” In Students as Links between Cultures, edited by I. Eide. Oslo, Sweden: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
44.
Kronish, R. (1983). “Israel as a Resource.” In Jewish Principal's Handbook, edited by H. F. Marcus and R. L. Zwerin. Denver, CO: Alternatives in Religious Education, pp. 293-300.
45.
Laubscher, M. (1994). Encounters with Difference: Student Perceptions of the Role of Out-of-Class Experiences in Education Abroad. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
46.
Levy, S. (1985a). “Jewish Identity Components as Motivators for Jewish Identification among Youth and Adults in Israel in the Period 1967-1982.” Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
47.
Levy, S. (1985b). “Lawful Roles of Facets in Social Theories.” In Facet Theory: Approaches to Social Research, edited by David Canter. New York: Springer-Verlag.
48.
Levy, S. (1991). “What Is Good School in the Eyes of the Students?” Megamot, 33 (3-4): 535-548. (in Hebrew)
49.
Levy, S. (1994). Louis Guttman on Theory and Methodology: Selected Writings. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.
50.
Levy, S., and L. Guttman (1975). “On the Multivariate Structure of Wellbeing.” Social Indicators Research, 2: 361-388.
51.
Levy, S., and L. Guttman (1976). Values and Attitudes of Israel High School Youth. Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research.
52.
Levy, S., and L. Guttman (1994). “The Partial-Order of Severity of Thyroid Cancer with the Prognosis of Survival.” In Louis Guttman on Theory and Methodology: Selected Writings, edited by Shlomit Levy. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.
53.
Luria, A. (1976). Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundation. Translated by M. Cole. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schoken.
55.
MacCannell, D. (1992). Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
56.
McGuigon, F. (1984). “Psychological Changes Related to Inter-Cultural Experiences.” Psychological Reports, 4: 55-60.
57.
Mittelberg, D. (1994). The Israel Visit and Jewish Identification. New York: American Jewish Committee.
58.
Mittelberg, D. (1999). The Israel Connection and American Jews. London: Praeger.
59.
Nitzan, M. (1992). “The Effect of Long-Term Israel Sojourns on Identity Formation in Late Adolescent Diaspora Teens.” M.A. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
60.
Piaget, Jean (1950). The Psychology of Intelligence. Translated by M. Piercy and D. Barlyne. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
61.
Picard, M. (1996). Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
62.
Picard, M., and R. Wood, eds. (1997). Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
63.
Ritterband, P. (1978). Education, Employment and Migration: Israel in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
64.
Schwartz, S., and W. Bilsky (1987). “Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (3): 550-562.
65.
Schwartz, S., and W. Bilsky (1990). “Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5): 878-891.
66.
Sell, D. (1983). “Attitude Change in Foreign Study Participants.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7: 131-147.
67.
Selwyn, T., ed. (1996). The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth-Making in Tourism. Chichester, England: Wiley.
68.
Shye, S., and R. Amar (1985). “Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by Base Coordinates and Lattice Mapping of Their Items by Their Scalogram Roles.” In Facet Theory: Approaches to Social Research, edited by D. Canter. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 277-298.
69.
Singh, S. (1994). Culture Tourism and Heritage Management. Jaipur, India: Rawat.
70.
Waks, S. (1995). Curriculum Design: From an Art towards a Science. Hamburg, Germany: Tempus.
71.
Weisband, H. (1995). “The Israel Experience: For Teenagers or Collegians?” Avar v'Atid, 4: 52-54.
72.
Wilson, A. (1993). The Meaning of International Experience for Schools. Westport, CT: Praeger.
73.
Wood, R. (1998). “Touristic Ethnicity: A Brief Itinerary.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21 (2): 218-241.
74.
Young, F., and R. Haber, eds. (1987). Multidimensional Scaling: History, Theory and Applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.