French Catholic intellectuals during the Occupation

See Roger Garaudy , Lettre à Emmanuel Mounier, homme d'Esprit (Paris : Éditions de la Nouvelle Critique, 1950), 16.

Jean-Pierre Azéma , De Munich à la Libération, 1938-1944 (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1979),7-8.

An excellent overview of recent debate is given in John Flower , 'Wherefore the intellectuals?' French Cultural Studies, ii (3) (1991), 275-290.

Jean-Paul Sartre , Plaidoyer pour les intellectuels (Paris: Gallimard, 1972), see particularly pages 12-13.

Bernard-Henri Lévy , in his Éloge des intellectuels, quoted in John Flower , 'Wherefore the intellectuals?', 289.

These issues were set out in Maritain's influential books, Primauté du spirituel (Paris: Plon, 1927), and Humanisme intégral: Problèmes temporels et spirituels d'une nouvelle chrétienté (Paris: Aubier, 1936). Useful studies are contained in Bernard Doering, Jacques Maritain and the French Catholic Intellectuals (University of Notre Dame Press, 1983 ) and Joseph Amato , Mounier and Maritain: A French Catholic Understanding of the Modern World ( University of Alabama Press, 1975).

A good short account is contained in W.D. Halls , 'Church and State: prelates, theologians and the Vichy regime', in Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789, edited by Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin ( London: Hambledon Press, 1991) 167-186. Jacques Duquesne , Les Catholiques français sous l'occupation (Paris: Grasset, 1966), is still a useful narrative overview.

See Henri Tincq , 'Le Réseau clérical de Paul Touvier', Le Monde, 7 janvier 1992 , 1 and 12.

This refers to a forthcoming report by René Rémond and other historians, Touvier et l'église (Paris: Fayard, 1992), which had not appeared at the time of writing this study.

See Régis Debray , Le Pouvoir intellectuel en France (Paris: Ramsay 1979), which develops the view that intellectuals were typically based, successively, in the university, the publishing industry, and the audio-visual media.

I am not aware of any such work having been published.

The details are discussed in Michael Kelly , Pioneer of the Catholic Revival. The Ideas and Influence of Emmanuel Mounier ( London: Sheed & Ward, 1979), in R.W. Rauch , Politics and Belief in Contemporary France: Emmanuel Mounier and Christian Democracy, 1932-1950 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1972), and John Hellmann , Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930-1950 (University of Toronto Press, 1981).

The discussions are reported in Mounier's personal letters and notebooks, see E. Mounier , Oeuvres, IV (Paris: Seuil , 1963), 668-717.

See Jean-Marie Domenach , Emmanuel Mounier ( Paris: Seuil 1972), 111-118. Domenach was himself a student follower of Mounier's in the Resistance.

In his book, Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930-1950.

See Le Personnalisme d'Emmanuel Mounier, hier et demain (Paris: Seuil, 1985), 116-142, in which Hellman states his case and is challenged by Denis de Rougemont, Jean-Marie Domenach and Mme Paulette Mounier (Mounier's widow).

For a useful, though now dated survey, see Jacques Debû-Bridel , La Résistance intellectuelle (Paris: Julliard , 1970).

See Duquesne , Les Catholiques français sous l'occupation, 159.