Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 ( New York : Norton, 1972), 334, 345; Pierre Assouline, L'Épuration des intellectuels (Brussels: Complexe, 1985); Herbert Lottman, The Purge (New York: Morrow, 1986).
2.
Albert Camus, Actuelles (Paris: Gallimard , 1950), 78-81. On the Camus-Mauriac polemic, see Lottman's chapter 'Justice and Charity', Purge, 142-9.
3.
Simone de Beauvoir, La Force de l'âge (Paris: Gallimard, 1960), 36-9. The 'Atlantic Wall' and its builders was a much invoked topos for French intellectuals; see Assouline, Épuration, 123-4, for some examples.
4.
See Dominick LaCapra , The Trial of Madame Bovary ( Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982), 15-29, for an extended theoretical treatment of the ways trials denote the social reception of literary-cultural phenomena. On Austinian speech acts see Diane Rubenstein; What's Left? The École Normale Supérieure and the Right (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 156-7. On the deconstruction of thought as act see Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading ( New Haven, Conn: Yale UP, 1979), 129.
5.
Bernard Vosges, Defense de l'occident (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs, 1957), 116.
6.
Lottman, Purge, 158.
7.
Slavoj Zizek, The Sublime Object of Ideology, (London: Verso, 1989), 30-3. Zizek describes the formula for fetishistic disavowal as 'I know very well but still ...' ('Je sais bien mais quand même ...') In the case of the French intellectual it goes something like this: 'I know very well that intellectuals have political power but still ... [I believe they really don't, it's only symbolic ...'] Ideological fantasy refers to the way misrecognition structures social reality itself.
8.
Alan Sheridan, Michel Foucault: The Will to Truth (London: Tavistock, 1980), 133-4.
9.
Michel Foucault: 'What is an author?', Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, trans. and ed. Donald F. Bouchard ( Ithaca : Cornell UP, 1977), 122-3.
10.
'What is', ibid., 124-5.
11.
For a discussion of 'symbolic capital' see Pierre Bourdieu, La Distinction (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1979). See also Pierre Bourdieu, 'Flaubert's Point of View', Critical Inquiry, xiv (3) (1988), 539-562.
12.
Otto Kirchheimer , Political Justice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1961), 304-50, 327-37.
13.
Vosges, Défense, 9.
14.
Vosges, Défense, 5. See also Lottman, Purge, 164-5, 41-2, 134.
15.
Robert Aron , Histoire de l'épuration, I ( Paris: Fayard, 1976), 241. See also Paxton, Vichy France, 330-1.
16.
Vosges, Défense, 20.
17.
Vosges, Défense, 108. For the case of Bernard Grasset, see also Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, Les Intellocrates (Paris: Ramsay, 1981), 85-6; and Pascal Fouché, L'Édition française sous l'Occupation (Paris: Bibliothèque de Littérature Française Contemporaine, 1987), 2:313 and 3:348.
18.
Vosges, Défense, 108. See also Robert Aron, Histoire de l'épuration, 144-5.
19.
Aron, Histoire de l'épuration, 144-5.
20.
Aron, 241; Vosges, Défense, 119.
21.
Aron, Histoire de l'épuration, 130-1.
22.
Lottman, Purge, 87, 78. For a full list of petition signers and for the text of the petition, see Assouline, L'Épuration des intellectuels, 159.
23.
Camus, Actuelles, 72-3.
24.
Vosges, Défense, 54. Famous denizens of Fresnes prison included Henry Massis, Pierre Benoit of the Académie Française and Xavier de Magallon.
25.
Herbert Lottman , The Left Bank (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), 228. See also Henry Rousso, Le Syndrome de Vichy, 1944-198 (Paris: Seuil , 1987), 76-80.
26.
L'Affaire Grasset, Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (CDJC) Document 1882:4.
27.
Pierre Assouline, Gaston Gallimard (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1988), 222, 117, 22, 221. See also Fouché, Édition française, for reproductions of Grasset's correspondence.
28.
CDJC Document 1982: 20-5.
29.
Assouline, Gallimard, 319.
30.
Assouline, Gallimard, 304.
31.
Les Procés de collaboration: Brinon, Darnand, Luchaire (Paris: Albin Michel), (CDJC Document 1406) 529.
32.
Procés de collaboration: Luchaire, 379.
33.
Ibid., 610.
34.
Ibid., 557.
35.
Ibid., 526.
36.
Ibid., 509.
37.
Ibid., 590.
38.
Ibid., 359.
39.
Hannah Arendt , Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1977), 128. Arendt's 'inner migrant' has to appear outwardly even more like the Nazis than the Nazis in order to keep their secrets and is a variant of the double game rationale.
40.
Procès de collaboration: Luchaire, 538.
41.
Ibid., 542.
42.
Aron, Histoire de l'épuration, 342-3.
43.
'Le Procès Béraud', Crapouillot, 37. CDJC Document 3897. Crapouillot was published under the direction of Galtier Boissière. For public opinion data on the Béraud verdict, see Lottman, Purge, 144. See also Assouline, Histoire de l'épuration, 26, 42-6.
44.
Ibid., 41.
45.
Idem.
46.
Camus, Actuelles, 73.
47.
Interview with Maître Jacques Isorni, June 1992, Paris, France.
Assouline, Gaston Gallimard, 260. Assouline cites the following letter written by Drieu to Gerhard Heller: 'Please make sure that nothing happens to Malraux, Paulhan, Gaston Gallimard and Aragon, whatever allegations may be made against them.' Assouline then editorializes: 'This is no longer the realm of politics. It goes beyond the circumstances of the Occupation. It belongs to an era that has no name in which friendship, loyalty and literature all come together.
53.
'Procès de l'Équipe Je suis partout', CDJC Document xlvii: 5.
54.
Régis Debray , Le Pouvoir intellectuel en France ( Paris: Ramsay, 1979), 92.
55.
Procès de l'équipe JSP. See also CDJC Document 6844: 70-1.
56.
'L'Affaire Céline', Cahiers de la Résistance, CDJC Document 1882: 5-79.
57.
Assouline, Gallimard, 277.
58.
Idem.
59.
Philippe Muray , Céline (Paris: Seuil, 1981).
60.
'L'Affaire Céline' CDJC 1882: 5.
61.
CDJC Document 8431 Le Procés Maurras, les Éditeurs de Savoie, 80.
62.
Ibid., 47, see also 155.
63.
Le Procès de Charles Maurras (Paris: Albin Michel, 1946), 7.
Procès de Robert Brasillach (Paris: Flammarion, 1946), 148-50. Interview with Jacques Isorni, July 1982 and June 1992, Paris, France. Interview with Maurice Bardèche, May and June 1982, Paris, France.
79.
Ibid., 139, 142.
80.
Ibid., 39.
81.
Ibid., 122: 'J'ai pu me tromper ... mais je n'ai rien à regretter de l'intention.' 82. Kirchheimer, Political Justice, 225.
82.
Procès de Brasillach, 9.
83.
Arendt, Eichmann, 9.
84.
Procès de Brasillach, 35, 75-87.
85.
Ibid, 124.
86.
Ibid, 146.
87.
Ibid, 147.
88.
Ibid, 126.
89.
See Robert Soucy, Fascist Intellectual: Drieu La Rochelle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 17: 'Indeed, one of the basic questions which led to this study was: how could such a sensitive, intelligent, cultivated intellectual ... become a fascist?' Sartre's 'What is a Collaborator?', (Situations III, Paris: Gallimard 1949) is the classic reflection on this theme.
90.
Procès de Brasillach, 137.
91.
Pierre Bourdieu, La Distinction. See also Bourdieu, Noblesse d'état ( Paris : Éditions de Minuit, 1989 ), 387, 447.
92.
This is Pierre Bourdieu's term in Bourdieu, Noblesse d'état.
93.
Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon in Saul K. Padover (ed. and trans.), Karl Marx on Revolution (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 280.
94.
Claude Jamet , Fifi le roi (Paris: Éditions de l'Élan, 1947), 54, 112. Interview with Claude Jamet, June 1982, Paris.
95.
Ibid, 248, 61-2.
96.
Ibid, 243.
97.
Ibid, 250.
98.
Ibid, 287.
99.
Ibid, 155.
100.
Ibid, 176.
101.
Ibid, 249. Anne Brassié describes how Brasillach always prepared for exams by taking notes, and he did the same in his trial: Robert Brasillach ( Paris: Laffont, 1987 ), 328.
102.
Arendt, Eichmann, 247.
103.
J. Hillis Miller , 'An Open Letter to Professor Jon Wiener', in Werner Hammacher, Neil Herz and Thomas Keenan (eds), Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Writings (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 335.
104.
Jacques Derrida , 'Biodegradables: Seven Diary Fragments', Critical Inquiry, xv (4) (1989), 812-73.
105.
Frederic Jameson , The Political Unconscious ( Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981), 48-9.
106.
Ibid., 46.
107.
Ibid., 166, n. 3.
108.
Robert Soucy , Fascist Intellectual: Drieu La Rochelle; Dominique Desanti, Drieu ou le séducteur mystifié (Paris: Flammarion, 1978). Interview with Jean Drieu La Rochelle, June and November 1982, Paris.
109.
Pascal Ory and Jean-François Sirinelli , Les Intellectuels en France, de l'Affaire Dreyfus à nos jours (Paris: Armand Colin , 1986), 137.
110.
Marcel Déat , 'Mémoires politiques', Papiers Déat. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France. Interview with Georges LeFranc, July 1984, Courseules-sur-Mer, France.
111.
Lucien Rebatet , Les Mémoires d'un fasciste, II vols (Paris: Pauvert, 1976 ), II: 231-2.
