J.P. Stern, A study of Nietzsche (Cambridge, 1979 ).
2.
A.C. Danto, Nietzsche as Philosopher (New York, 1965), 70.
3.
Mary Warnock in her article "Nietzsche's Conception of Truth", in M. Pasley (ed.), Nietzsche : Imagery and Thought (London, 1978), 33-63, wrestles with this problem locating Nietzsche within a Kantian problematic.
4.
J. Ree et al. , Philosophy and its Past (Brighton, 1978), 2.
5.
K.O. Apel, "The A Priori of Communication and the Foundation of the Humanities", Man and World, v (1972 ), 3-37, asks "Why do the neo-positivists ignore, in their 'logic of science', philology in the broadest sense as the heart of the humanities considered as hermeneutic sciences? Why, in particular, do they overlook the fact that these empirico-hermeneutic sciences stand in a close connection to their own meta-scientific business of reconstructing the language of science?"
6.
M. Foucault, The Order of Things (London, 1970), 306.
7.
Ibid.
8.
J. Derrida, Of Grammatology (Baltimore, 1976), 19.
9.
M. Foucault, op. cit., 306.
10.
11.
Quoted in O. Jespersen, Language - Its nature, development and origin (London, 1922), 42.
12.
On the question of residual metaphysical themes in nineteenth century philology and in particular Hegelian inspired speculation on an Indo-European proto-language , see E. Stankiewicz, "The Dithyramb to the Verb in 18th and 19th Century Linguistics", in D. Hymes (ed.), Studies in the History of Linguistics (Bloomington, Indiana, 1974), 342-63.
13.
Though as Siegfried Schmidt has argued, German philology, as pursued by F. M. Muller, G. Gerber and G. Runze did generate, in the period after 1885, a critical philosophy of language which waged war on idealist metaphysics in philology, and philosophy from the linguistic standpoint. Schmidt goes as far as to claim that Muller, in particular, anticipates many of the central tenets of twentieth-century linguistic philosophy. Muller's antecedents however seem to be Humboldtian, with no evidence of a Nietzschian influence. S. Schmidt , "German Philosophy of Language in the Nineteenth Century", in H. Parrett (ed.), History, of Linguistic Thought and Contemporary Linguistics (Berlin, 1976), 12-44.
14.
F. Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, trans by R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth , 1968), 35.
15.
F. Nietzsche, work published under the title The Use and Abuse of History, trans. by A. Collins (Indianapolis, 1949), 61.
16.
Ibid., 50.
17.
F. Nietzsche, Human All Too Human, trans. bv H. Zimmern (London , 1919), 15.
18.
Ibid.
19.
On classical theory of representation and its relation to epistemological thinking in the seventeenth century see D. Bell, "Classical Thought, Egologism and the Philosophy of Language", History of European Ideas , iii (1982), 201-20.
20.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ankundigung einer Schrift uber die vaskische Sprache und Nation nebst Angabe des Gesichtpunkts und Inhalts derselben, trans. by Marianne Cowa, Humanist without a Portfolio: An Anthology of the Writings of Wilhelm von Humboldt (Detroit, 1963), 270.
21.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, "Über die Verschiedenhen des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die gerstige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts", in Cowan, op. cit., 284.
22.
M. Heidegger'sessay, "Holderlin and the Essence of Poetry", in Existence and Being , ed. by Werner Brock (New York, 1949), 321.
23.
P. Shelley, "Essay on Life", in Shelley's Prose, ed. by D. Lee Clark ( Albuquerque, 1954), 174.
24.
F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. by R. J. Hollindale ( Harmondsworth, 1973), 32.
25.
Ibid., 28.
26.
Ibid., 28.
27.
Ibid., 31.
28.
Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (ref. 13), 49.
29.
F. Nietzsche , Nachlass, quoted in Danto, op. cit. (ref. 2), 108.
30.
D.L. Bell, op. cit. (ref. 18).
31.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium, quoted in E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (New Haven, 1955), i, 159.
32.
For Nietzsche the linguistic symbol is but one instance of a more general representative function which mediates cognition and its objects. Nietzsche's concern with the autonomy of the sign moves beyond the purely linguistic process of signification to provide, in Derrida's words, an "entire thematics of active interpretations, which substitutes an incessant deciphering for the disclosure of truth as a representation of the thing itself", F. Nietzsche, Speech and Phenomena, trans. by D. Alison (Evanston , 1973), 149.
33.
Cassirer, op. cit., 155.
34.
33. Ibid., 166.
35.
Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (ref. 23), 34.
36.
Ibid., 26.
37.
F. Nietzsche , The Gay Science, trans. by W. Kaufman (New York, 1914), 335.
38.
Ibid., 47.
39.
Ibid., 33.
40.
Ibid., 24.
41.
F. Nietzsche , work published under the title Le Livre du philosophe, études théoriques, trans. by A. K. Marietti (Paris , 1969), 57.
42.
Nietzsche, Human All Too Human (ref. 16), 21.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (ref. 13), 38.
45.
F. Nietzsche , On Truth and Falsity in Their Ultra-moral Sense , in The Complete Works of F. Nietzsche , ed. by Oscar Levy (London, 1911), ii, 178.
