Babouvism and the Parisian Sans-culottes

Cobb R. C. , The Police and the People (London, 1970), 166; Lyons M. , France under the Directory (Cambridge, 1975), 31–32.

Advielle V. , Histoire de Gracchus Babeuf et du Babouvisme (Paris, 1882); Belfort-Bax E. , The Last Episode of the French Revolution (London, 1911), 246–56; Thompson D. , The Babeuf Plot (London, 1946), 75–90.

Soboul A. , The French Revolution (London, 1974), ii, 460–89; Dommanget M. , Babeuf et la Conjuration des Egaux (Paris, 1922); Jaurès J. , Histoire Socialiste de la Révolution Française (Paris, 1887).

Dommanget M. , op. cit., 94.

Talmon J. , Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London, 1952), 252.

Ibid.

Fleury E. , Babeuf (Paris, 1851), cited in Thompson D. , The Babeuf Plot, 79.

See Rudé G. , The Crowd in the French Revolution (Oxford, 1958), esp. chaps. 3 and 4; Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes and the French Revolution, 1793-94 (Oxford, 1964), chap. 2.

Soboul A. , The French Revolution, 487.

Rudé G. , The Crowd, 11, fn. 5.

Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, chaps. 1 and 3.

Rudé G. , The Crowd, chaps. 3 and 4.

Lefebvre G. , The French Revolution (London, 1964), i, 201.

Dawson C. , Gods of the Revolution (London, 1964), 73 et seq.

Rudé G. , The Crowd, 22–24.

Labrousse G. E. , Esquisse du Mouvement des Prix et des Revenus en 18 siècle (Paris, 1933), 597–608.

Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, 4.

Dawson C. , Gods, 62.

Thompson J. M. , The French Revolution (London, 1943), 218.

From police reports cited in Rudé G. , The Crowd, 89 and 94.

Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, 164.

Ibid., 12.

Ibid.

Lefebvre G. , The Thermidorians (London, 1965), 5.

Section des Tuileries document dated 4 February 1793, cited in Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, 72.

“No-one should own more than one store or one workshop… [this] will slowly lead to the disappearance of the inequality of wealth which is far too great, and increase the number of property owners.” Section des Sans-culottes petition dated 2 September 1793, Bibliothèque Nationale Lb 40 2140.

Rudé G. , The Crowd, chap. 7.

Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, 135.

E.g. Le Correspondent Picard and Le Journal de la Libérté de la Presse.

Rousseau J. J. , Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (London, 1913).

Babeuf to Dubois de Fousseux , 8 July 1789, in Fried M. and Sanders A. , Socialist Thought (New York, 1964), 49–50.

Belfort-Bax , Last Episode, 246–7.

Tribun du peuple, no. 23 (October, 1794).

This is suggested by Soboul A. in The Parisian Sans-culottes, 12.

See “Manifeste des Egaux”, in Fried M. and Sanders A. , Socialist Thought, 41.

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy for Equality, trans. by O'Brien B. (London, 1836), 40.

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 40.

von Stein L. , The Social Movement in France (Berlin, 1860), 206.

E.g. Lyons L. , France under the Directory, 35; Cobb C. , Police and People, 71 and 206.

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 76.

Ibid., 63.

Ibid., 64.

Tribun du Peuple, no. 43 (April, 1796).

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 305.

Ibid., 72.

Ibid., 366.

Ibid., 68.

Lyons L. , France under the Dirctory, 35.

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 69.

Ibid.

Tribun du Peuple, no. 35 (June, 1795).

Soboul A. , The Parisian Sans-culottes, 86.

“Draft Proposals for a New Constitution”, Article 12, in Belfort-Bax E. , Last Episode, 127.

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 367.

Ibid., 167.

Cited in Talmon J. , Origins, 240.

“L'Acte Insurrecteur” in Belfort-Bax E. , Last Episode, 142 et seq.

Babeuf F. N. , Defence at the High Court at Vendôme, ed. and trans. by Scott J. A. (New York, 1964), 35–36.

“There are historical periods during which the final result of oppressive law is the appropriation of the bulk of social wealth by a minority. Social peace, natural when men are happier, then gives way to class war. They see that they possess nothing, and that they suffer under the harsh and flinty oppression of a greedy ruling class. The hour strikes for great and memorable revolutionary events, already seen in the writings of the times, when the general overthrow of the system of private property is inevitable, when the revolt of the poor against the rich becomes a necessity that can no longer be avoided” (Babeuf, Defence, 45).

Tribun du Peuple, no. 28 (December, 1794).

Tribun du Peuple, no. 31 (February, 1795).

Buonarroti F. , Babeuf's Conspiracy, 27.

Journal de la Libérté de la Presse, cited in Talmon J. , Origins, 220.