He was never dismissed in the sense of losing the confidence of Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother and Regent (1643-51). For the status of the royal declaration of 6 September 1651, endorsing his first exile, see below.
2.
Cf. A[rchives des] A[ffaires] É[trangères, Mémoires et Documents,] France 881, f70v, 11 Jan. 1652. Mazarin had been allowed a company of guards for his personal security since 25 Feb. 1648: A.A.E. France 860, f40.
3.
A.A.E. France 882, f168v, 5 Apr. 1652: "on se mazarine aussy bien fort. ..."
4.
A.A.E. France 879, figo, 23 Dec. 1651. Mazarin wrote to Louis xiv: "il est vray, Sire, que je ne puis pas nier que tous mes amys et ceux qui ... m'accompagnent ne soient mazarins, et ne portent avec plaisir un nom qu'on a travaillé à rendre si odieux...."
5.
Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Colbert..., ed. by P. Clément (10 vols, 1861-82), i, 158: "[les Frondeurs] sont plus sur leurs gardes et prennent plus de précautions que jamais contre le mazarinisme."
M.N. Grand-Mesnil, Mazarin, la Fronde et la presse, 1647-9 (1967), 299.
8.
Ibid., 184-5.
9.
Guy Patin commented that censorship would not be effective while the printers, colporteurs and crieurs de gazettes "trouveront des gens curieux de toutes ces nouveautés": Guy Patin, Lettres au temps de la Fronde, ed. by A. Thérive (1921), 74.
10.
i o. Ibid., 123. A.A.E. France 865, f333, 27 July 1649.
11.
Œuvres de Retz, ed. by A. Feillet et al. (10 vols, 1870-96), iii, 327-8. E. H. Kossmann, La Fronde (Leiden, 1954), 100-1, 108-10, 218.
12.
C. Joly, Recueil des maximes véritables et importantes pour l'institution du roy contre la fausse et pernicieuse politique du Cardinal Mazarin (1st ed., 1652). Cf. A.A.E. France 886, f18v, 18 Nov. 1652 : Le Tellier warned Mazarin that this book "n'est rien du tout qui vaille". Of course, the Recueil was no ordinary mazarinade : the first edition contains 512 pages, and Joly attempted to define a political doctrine of opposition.
13.
Choix de Mazarinades, ed. by C. Moreau (3 vols, 1853), i, 28-34. Omer Talon, Memoires, ed. by J. F. Michaud and J. J. F. Poujoulat (3rd ser., vi, 1839), 316-18.
14.
Patin, op. cit. (ref. 9), 74.
15.
Œuvres de Retz, ed. by Feillet et al., iii, 334.
16.
Patin, op. cit., 100, with reference to Bertrand Bautru.
17.
Thus they are inconclusive for different reasons than those suggested by Doolin, who thought them "of no direct value ... consisting of invectives against Mazarin" and lacking a consistent constitutional standpoint: P. R. Doolin, The Fronde (Cambridge, Mass., 1935), 152.
18.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 323-8. B[ibliothèque] N[ationale] Ms. fr. 3854, ff 20-32. Commentary by Doolin, op. cit., 73-77.
19.
A. A. E. France 882, ff 98-108. The remonstrances are not to be found in the manuscripts of the Parlement of Paris because of Louis xiv's decision, on 18 Jan. 1668, to have all serious references to the Fronde torn from the registers. Instead, the manuscript copy is preserved in Mazarin's papers—the chief minister, after all, was directly affected.
20.
A. L. Moote, The Revolt of the Judges. The Parlement of Paris and the Fronde, 1643-1652 (Princeton, N.J., 1971), 330, summarizes the critique in seven lines.
21.
Ibid., 329.
22.
R.J. Bonney , "The French Civil War, 1649-53", European Studies Review, viii ( 1978), 86.
23.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 209-12. A. A. E. France 882, ff 348v-349v, 21 May 1652.
24.
H. Mailfait, Un magistrat de l'ancien régime. Omer Talon, sa vie et ses oeuvres, 1595-1652 (1902), 359-60.
25.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 472. Moote, op. cit. (ref. 20), 329 n.33, sees an inconsistency in Talon's position.
26.
A. A. E. France 882, f179v, 8 Apr. 1652: "maintenant que Vostre Émin[ence] a les remonstrances du Parlement escrites, il faudroit s'y attacher, comme à une pièce autentique [sic] ...."
27.
Mazarin called it "un coup mortel" in a letter of 26 Sept. 1651 to Anne of Austria: Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin d la Reine, d la Princesse Palatine ... , ed. by J. Ravenel (1836), 291-2. On 30 Sept. 1651, Mazarin lamented to Colbert that the declaration was "un acte authentique" and said that he could not understand how the Regent had "donné les mains à une chose si infamante contre [luy]": Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin pendant son ministère, ed. by P. A. Chéruel and G. d'Avenel (9 vols, 1872-1906), iv, 452, 454. M. Laurain-Portemer, "Le statut de Mazarin dans l'Église. Aperçus sur le haut clergé de la Contre-Réforme: Part 2", Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, cxxviii (1970), 5-80, p. 64.
28.
A. A. E. France 884, ff 59v-60r, 12 Aug. 1652.
29.
A. A. E. France 881, f74, 11 Jan. 1652. Le Tellier wrote to Mazarin that "la Reyne ayant persisté à vouloir que l'arrest du 29 [décembre] fust cassé ...". For the decree: Arrêts du conseil du roi. Règne de Louis XIV. Inventaire analytique des arrêts en commandment. I. 20 mai 1643-8 mars 1661, ed. by M. Le Pesant (1976), no. 1609.
30.
Cf. Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin ... , ed. by Chéruel and d'Avenel, v, 20. A. A. E. France 887, f23v, 18 Jan. 1652.
31.
Bonney, "The French Civil War", 78-9.
32.
Journal des guerres civiles de Dubuisson-Aubenay, 1648-52, ed. by G. Saige (2 vols, 1883, 1885), ii, 186. On the question of authorship, see below.
33.
A. A. E. France 879, ff190v, 194v, 23 Dec. 1651.
34.
Mémoires de l'abbé de Choisy, ed. by J. F. Michaud and J. J. F. Poujoulat (3rd. ser., vi, 1839), 562: "Richelieu ... avoit sur la même table son bréviaire et Machiavel".
35.
E. Thuau, Raison d'état et pensée politique d l'époque de Richelieu ( 1966), 59.
36.
Patin, op. cit. (ref. 9), 148.
37.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 316.
38.
Cf. ibid., 300. For the Sicilian Vespers: S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers. A history of the medieval world in the later thirteenth century (Cambridge, 1958).
39.
A. A. E. France 882, f159V. A. A. E. France 883, f249, July 1652. Cf. Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 272, 397.
40.
G. Dethan, "Mazarin avant le ministère", Revue historique, ccxxvii (1962), 33-66, p. 35. Laurain-Portemer, "Le statut de Mazarin dans l'Église ... : Part 1", Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, cxxvii (1969), 355-419, p. 369.
41.
Cf. Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 272.
42.
P. Blet, "Richelieu et les débuts de Mazarin", Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, vi (1959 ), 241-68.
43.
A. A. E. France 881, f190: "Monseigneur le Cardinal Ma[z]arin aiant esté naturalisé françois et comme tel nommé par le feu Roy pour estre Cardinal national françois et le Pape Urbain l'aiant accepté en cette qualité...." Mazarin was naturalized by letters patent of April 1639, because he had acquired the abbey of Saint-Médard at Soissons. (Without letters of naturalization, a foreigner could not hold an ecclesiastical benefice in France.) Even before becoming naturalized, however, Mazarin called himself French "by gratitude and by temperament": G. Dethan, The Young Mazarin, translated by S. Baron (London, 1977), 113-14. Dethan's earlier view that Mazarin "devint premier ministre de Louis xiv sans avoir jamais été français" ["Mazarin avant le ministère", 56-57] is erroneous.
44.
Cf. A. A. E. France 882, f315v, 14 May 1652. A. A. E. France 888, f158, n.d. [1652].
45.
Doolin, op. cit. (ref. 17), 73.
46.
Bonney, "The French Civil War", 91. A.N. U 30, ff165v-166v.
47.
A. A. E. France 877, f337, 2 Dec. 1651.
48.
Quoted by P. Logié, La Fronde en Normandie (3 vols, Amiens, 1951), ii, 63-64.
49.
A. A. E. France 881, f136, 24 Jan. 1652.
50.
For the need for "un acte autentique et un tesmoignage public" of royal confidence in Mazarin: A. A. E. France 881, f312, 19 Feb. 1652. For the placing of Mazarin under the royal safeguard: A. A. E. France 882, f312, 14 May 1652.
51.
Inventaire des arrêts, ed. by Le Pesant, no. 1736. This conciliar decree referred to the decree of the Parlement of Paris of 20 July 1652 which had declared the king to be held in captivity by Mazarin.
52.
Moote, op. cit. (ref. 20), 330.
53.
A. A. E. France 884, f299.
54.
Cf. A. A. E. France 882, ff313v-314r, 14 May 1652.
55.
Cf. A. A. E. France 882, f314, 14 May 1652. A. A. E. France 884, f57v, 12 Aug. 1652.
56.
A. A. E. France 846, ff153-62, [20] Apr. 1643.
57.
Laurain-Portemer, "Le statut de Mazarin dans l'Église", Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, cxxviii ( 1970), 75-76.
58.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat , 317.
59.
A. A. E. France 881, ff30, 221, 313v, 8 Jan., 5 Feb. and 19 Feb. 1652.
60.
For Mazarin's wealth in 1661: D. Dessert, "Pouvoir et finance au XVIIe siècle: la fortune de Mazarin", Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, xxiii (1976), 161-81. For his position at the time of the Fronde: Lettres ... de Colbert, ed. by Clément, i, 176-7. A. A. E. France 879, f187V, 23 Dec. 1651. A. A. E. France 886, f136v, 3 Dec. 1652.
61.
Lettres ... de Colbert, ed. by Clément, i, 69-74, 128.
62.
Ibid., i, 73. A. A. E. France 886, f136v, 3 Dec. 1652.
63.
A. A. E. France 883, f248v, July 1652: "... quelque ressort que l'on ait fait jouer pour convaincre Monsr. le Cardinal Mazarin du crime de péculat, on n'a pas seullement trouvé le moindre jour à cette accusation." The preliminary trial papers drawn up by the Parlement of Paris are in B.N. Ms. fr. 6888. The financial problems of the crown during the Fronde are examined in detail in R. J. Bonney, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford, forthcoming), chap. 5.
64.
A. A. E. France 893/2, f419v, c. 1654.
65.
A. A. E. France 876, f182, 28 July 1651.
66.
A. A. E. France 875, ff16, 115v, 6 May and [?] 1651.
67.
A. A. E. France 890, f240, c. Feb. 1653.
68.
Talon, Mémoires, ed. by Michaud and Poujoulat, 270-2.
69.
R.J. Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford, 1978), 292-5.
70.
For Bellièvre's opposition to the holding of fortresses by provincial governors or their clients at the time of Henri IV: A. A. E. France 764, f188, n.d., c. 1594.
71.
A. A. E. France 883, f248, July 1652.
72.
A. A. E. France 877, f278, 18 Nov. 1651.
73.
A. A. E. France 879, f188, 23 Dec. 1651. Mazarin told Louis XIV that his love for France was so great that "aucun mauvais traictement n'est capable de l'esbranler ...". His loyalty was recalled in 1652, when it was said that he was a minister "qui en sçavoit tous les secretz et qui eust pu facilement se vanger en les découvrant aux ennemis ...": A. A. E. France 888, f116v.
74.
A. A. E. France 885, f336, n.d. [1651]. Silhon wrote to Mazarin: "ce qui a causé les troubles de l'estat et fait naistre la guerre civile en France a esté le seul et le véritable empeschement de la paix générale"; but Silhon thought (f335v) that "les Espagnols ne vouloient point de paix ...".
75.
A. A. E. France 875, ff93-94, 26 May 1651 . A. A. E. France 877, f45v, 30 Sept. 1651.
76.
A. A. E. France 874, ff185-9, n.d. [1651].
77.
A. A. E. France 875, f107, 28 May 1651. The same basic requirements were contained in the Spanish peace proposals of 21 March 1646 : British Library Harleian Ms. 4458, f43.
78.
A. A. E. France 870, f199, March 1650.
79.
A. A. E. France 876, ff429v-43or, 15 Sept. 1651.
80.
A. A. E. France 877, f379, 9 Dec. 1651.
81.
A. A. E. France 885, f387, n.d. [1652].
82.
A. A. E. France 886, f20, 18 Nov. 1652. Le Tellier wrote to Mazarin of the hope to "rédui[re] M. le prince à estre seulement le général des Espagnolz ...".
83.
For English privateering: Lettres ... de Colbert, ed. by Clément, i, 489-90 and A. A. E. France 892, f428, 29 Oct. 1653.
84.
A. A. E. France 876, f395, 8 Sept. 1651.
85.
"Un journal inédit du Parlement de Paris pendant la Fronde (1 déc. 1651 - 12 avril 1652)", ed. by H. Courteault, Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France [année 1916] (1917), 304.
86.
A. A. E. France 884, f58, 12 Aug. 1652.
87.
A. A. E. France 888, f159, 1652. The parlementaires were "juges passionnez, suspects et incompétents ...": A. A. E. France 889, f330, 17 Aug. 1652.
88.
A. A. E. France 884, ff58, 60, 12 Aug. 1652. The remonstrances were written "en un stile ... esloigné de la gravité du caractère de la justice ...".
89.
Thuau, Raison d'état et pensée politique ... , 120-9.
90.
A. A. E. France 884, f58v, 12 Aug. 1652.
91.
A. A. E. France 881, f308, 18 Feb. 1652.
92.
A. A. E. France 886, f114, 1652.
93.
P. A. Knachel, England and the Fronde. The Impact of the English Civil War and Revolution on France (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), 32, 47. A. A. E. France 884, f60v, 12 Aug. 1652.
94.
A. A. E. France 884, f226v, 4 Sept. 1652.
95.
A. A. E. France 884, f246, 4 Sept. 1652.
96.
A. A. E. France 885, f388, 1652.
97.
A. A. E. France 885, f165, 13 Oct. 1652: "la mort de Mr. de Chavigny est considéré de beaucoup de gens comme un jugement de Dieu." Before his death, Chateauneuf was exiled from Paris: A. A. E. France 886, f18, 18 Nov. 1652.
98.
A. A. E. France 886, ff99, 233-235v, 252v-253r, 30 Nov., 18 and 19 Dec. 1652.
99.
Lettres ... de Colbert, ed. by Clément, i, 535. I would like to express my gratitude to the Twenty-seven Foundation, without whose generosity the research that went into this article could not have been undertaken.
