Turgenev was certainly familiar with these areas of thought, though it is not possible to say in all cases which, if any, specific texts he read. As far as his knowledge of A. W. Schlegel's ideas is concerned, it is worth remembering that from the mid-'twenties and throughout the thirties there was a general literary preoccupation amongst the intelligentsia with the literary-historical categories of Schlegel's Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. The first lecture in the series was published in Russian in the Moskovskii Telegraf in 1826, and its theory immediately put into practice by the journal's editor, Nikolai Polevoy, in a review of a Russian translation of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell. Whilst Turgenev was a student in Moscow, he was taught for a year (1833-34) by N. I. Nadezhdin, whose theoretical work De Poezii Romantica was the first major Russian elaboration and criticism of Schlegel's theories. Two years later, when Turgenev was in St Petersburg, Shevyryov also published a theoretical work—on ancient and modern poetry—which owed much to Schlegel, and attracted a great deal of attention in literary circles. It seems likely that Turgenev was well acquainted with Schiller's essay Ueber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung too. If owning two sets of Schiller's collected works is no guarantee of this, sustained contact with the mind of Karl Werder in Berlin certainly was. Werder encouraged in all his students an interest in and love of Schiller, and according to Stankevich (Perepiska 1830-40, red. i izd. A. Stankevicha (Moscow, 1914), 645) recommended to them the essay Ueber die asthetische Erziehung des Menschen (1795) in which there is a considerable overlap with the essay on poetry. Whilst Turgenev was in Berlin (1837-42) Werder lectured amongst other things on the history of ancient and modern philosophy up to the present day, and in the Winter semester 1839-40 on Schiller's philosophy. At the same time, during the Winter semesters 1837-38 and 1840-41 H. G. Hotho gave a series of lectures entitled de Goethis et Schillero simul historiam poesis Germanicae inde a reformatione. The entire essay on naive and sentimental poetry was translated into Russian for the first time in 1850 and published in Otechestvennie Zapiski, vols lxviii and lxix.
5.
Friedrich Schiller, Samtliche Werke, hrsg. von G. Fricke (Munich, 1959), v (Theoretische Schriften), 770.
6.
Goethe, Gedenkausgabe der Werke , Briefe, und Gesprache ( Zurich, 1948), xxiv (Gespräche mit Eckermann), 405.
7.
Ibid., i, 167-9.
8.
Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, translation with revised German text edited by E. M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby (Oxford, 1967), 59-61.
9.
J. Christopher Herold, Mistress to an Age : A Life of Madame de Stael (London1959), 194.
10.
A.W. Schlegel , Kritische Schriften und Briefe, hrsg. von Edgar Lohner (Stuttgart, 1966), v. 23.
11.
Ibid., 25.
12.
Chap. XXVII: A solntse pust' drugim siyaet! I v nashei zhizni est' svoya gordost' i svoe schast'e! The second stanza of Schiller's poem Resignation, which was a favourite of young Russian Idealists in the 1830s, begins: Des Lebens Mai blüht einmal und nicht wieder Mir hat er abgeblüht. (The May of Life blossoms once and not again. For me its blossoms have fallen.)
13.
Extracts from this thesis were translated into Russian and published in Vestnik Evropy (1830), no. 1, 3-37, and no. 2, 122-51, and in Atheney (1830), no. 1, 1-33. Turgenev had a manuscript copy of the thesis in his library.
14.
From the extract entitled O nastoyashchem zloupotreblenii i iskazhenii Romanticheskoi Poezii (Vestnik Evropy, no. 1), reprinted in V.G. Belinsky, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii, pod redaktsiei S. A. Vengerova (St. Petersburg , 1900), i, 504.
15.
T.P. Dehn, Des jungen Turgenev Verhältnis zu Schiller in I. S. Turgenev und Deutschland : Materialien und Untersuchungen, hrsg. von Gerhard Ziegengeist ( Berlin, 1965), 199.
