The research examines the mediating role of the presence of the meaning of life in the relationship between gratitude and hope and whether this relationship differs because of moving to another city after the earthquake and loss. In the study in which the correlational research model was used, the study group consisted of 443 high school students from different school types who experienced the Kahramanmaraş-centered earthquake. The findings indicate that the presence of meaning plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between gratitude and hope. Also, loss due to the earthquake causes significant differences in the relationship between gratitude and hope mediated by the presence of the meaning of life. Additionally, the presence of meaning scores of the participants who lost their nuclear family members or loved ones are lower than those who didn’t. The results show that grateful individuals will feel more hopeful with meaning in their lives.
AiA. L.CascioT.SantangeloL. K.Evans-CampbellT. (2005). Hope, meaning and growth following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(5), 523–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504272896
2.
AltamoreF.GrappasonniI.LaxhmanN.ScuriS.PetrelliF.GrifantiniG.AccaramboniP.PriebeS. (2020). Psychological symptoms and quality of life after repeated exposure to earthquake: A cohort study in Italy. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233172
3.
AltuntaşS. (2018). Meaning in life, gratitude and forgiveness as predictor of well-being in adolescents [Doctoral dissertation]. İnönü University
4.
AtikG.Erkan-AtikZ. (2017). Lise öğrencilerinin umut düzeylerinin yordanması: Akademik öz-yeterlik ve problem çözmenin rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim, 190, 157–169. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.5348
5.
Aviad-WilchekY.Ne’eman-HavivV. (2017). The relation between a sense of meaning in life and suicide potential among disadvantaged adolescent girls. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(6), 1474–1487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16684566
6.
BaumsteigerR.ManganS.BronkK. C.BonoG. (2019). An integrative intervention for cultivating gratitude among adolescents and young adults. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579356
BernardoA. B. I. (2014). Hope in early adolescence: Measuring internal and external locus-of-hope. Child Indicators Research, 8(3), 699–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-014-9254-6
9.
BorghiL.MenichettiJ. (2021). Strategies to cope with the Covid-related deaths among family members. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 622850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622850
10.
BrassaiL.PikoB. F.StegerM. F. (2010). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health?International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9089-6
11.
BüyüköztürkŞ.ÇakmakE. K.AkgünÖ. E.KaradenizŞ.DemirelF. (2020). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. Baskı). Pegem Yayıncılık.
12.
CohenJ. R.DanielsonC. K.AdamsZ. W.RuggieroK. J. (2016). Distress tolerance and social support in adolescence: Predicting risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms following a natural disaster. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9545-y
13.
ConfinoD.EinavM.MargalitM. (2023). Post-traumatic growth: The roles of the sense of entitlement, gratitude and hope. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 8, 453–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-023-00102-9
14.
DamonW.MenonJ.Cotton BronkK. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_2
15.
Demirbaş-ÇelikN.İşmen-GazioğluE. (2015). Yaşamda Anlam Ölçeği Lise Formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 42–60. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19406/206313
16.
DisabatoD. J.KashdanT. B.ShortJ. L.JardenA. (2017). What predicts positive life events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 444–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9785-x
17.
DulaneyE. S.GraupmannV.GrantK. E.AdamE. K.ChenE. (2018). Taking on the stress-depression link: Meaning as a resource in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.011
18.
DursunP. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel iyi oluş: Yaşamda anlam, iyimserlik ve umudun rolü. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.704651
19.
EmmonsR. A.CrumplerC. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56
20.
EmmonsR. A.SternR. (2013). Gratitude as a psychotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22020
21.
EriksonE. H. (2020). İnsanın sekiz evresi. (5. Baskı). (G. Akkaya, Çev.). Okuyanus Yayıncılık.
22.
FeldmanD. B. (2013). The meaning of hope and vice versa: Goal-directed thinking and the construction of a meaningful life. In HicksJ. A.RoutledgeC. (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes and controversies (pp. 141–150). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_11
23.
FeldmanD. B.BalaramanM.AndersonC. (2017). Hope and meaning-in-life. In GallagherM. W.LopezS. H. (Eds.), Oxford handbooks of hope (pp. 341–350). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.21
24.
FeldmanD. B.SnyderC. R. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal–directed thinking and life meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.3.401.65616
25.
FraenkelJ. R.WallenN. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
26.
FranklV. E. (2018). İnsanın anlam arayışı (43. Baskı). (S. Budak, Çev.). Okuyanus Yayınları.
27.
FraserA. M.BryceC. I.AlexanderB. L.FabesR. A. (2021). Hope levels across adolescence and the transition to high school: Associations with school stress and achievement. Journal of Adolescence, 91, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.07.004
28.
FrohJ. J.FanJ.EmmonsR. A.BonoG.HuebnerE. S.WatkinsP. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021590
29.
FrohJ. J.SefickW. J.EmmonsR. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005
30.
GotoT.WilsonJ. P.KahanaB.SlaneS. (2006). The Miyake Island volcano disaster in Japan: Loss, uncertainty and relocation as predictors of PTSD and depression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(8), 2001–2026. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00091.x
31.
HarterS. (2006). The self. In EisenbergN.DamonW.LernerR. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 505–570). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
32.
HayesA. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Methodology in the social sciences (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
33.
HedayatiM.KhazaeiM. (2014). An investigation of the relationship between depression, meaning in life and adult hope. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 598–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.753
34.
HellmanC. M.GwinnC. (2016). Camp HOPE as an intervention for children exposed to domestic violence: A program evaluation of hope and strength of character. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(3), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-016-0460-6
35.
HoM. Y.CheungF. M.CheungS. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008
36.
JiangN.ChengJ.NiZ.YeY.HuR.JiangX. (2021). Developing a new individual earthquake resilience questionnaire: A reliability and validity test. PLoS ONE, 16(1), Article e0245662. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245662
37.
JiangX.HuebnerE. S.HillsK. J. (2013). Parent attachment and early adolescents’ life satisfaction: The mediating effect of hope. Psychology in the Schools, 50(4), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21680
38.
JiangY.RenY.ZhuJ.YouJ. (2020). Gratitude and hope relate to adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: Mediation through self-compassion and family and school experiences. Current Psychology. 41(2), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00624-4
39.
JonesC. N.YouS.FurlongM. J. (2012). A preliminary examination of covitality as integrated well-being in college students. Social Indicators Research, 111(2), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0017-9
40.
KarataşZ.UzunK.TagayÖ. (2021). Relationships between the life satisfaction, meaning in life, hope and COVID-19 fear for Turkish adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 633384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633384
41.
KardaşF.CamZ.EşkisuM.GelıboluS. (2019). Gratitude, hope, optimism and life satisfaction as predictors of psychological well-being. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(82), 81–100. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/48089/608137
42.
KerpelmanJ. L.PittmanJ. F. (2018). Erikson and the relational context of identity: Strengthening connections with Attachment Theory, Identity, 18(4), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1523726
43.
KılıçC.Aydınİ.TaşkıntunaN.ÖzçürümezG.KurtG.ErenE.LaleT.ÖzenS.ZileliL. (2006). Predictors of psychological distress in survivors of the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey: Effects of relocation after the disaster. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(3), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00786.x
44.
KimT.-H.LeeS. M.YuK.LeeS.PuigA. (2005). Hope and the meaning of life as influences on Korean adolescents’ resilience: Implications for counselors. Asia Pacific Education Review, 6(2), 143–152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03026782
45.
KingL. S.OsofskyJ. D.OsofskyH. J.WeemsJ. F.HanselT. C.FassnachtG. M. (2015). Perceptions of trauma and loss among children and adolescents exposed to disasters a mixed-methods study. Current Psycholgy, 34, 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9348-4
46.
Lance-WongW.CehungS. (2024). The role of hope in college transition: Its cross-lagged relationships with psychosocial resources and emotional well-being in first year college students. Journal of Adolescence, 96(4), 771–788. https://doi.org/10.1002./jad.12297
47.
LibertoA. K.JohnsonE. T.SchulenbergS. E. (2020). Responding to adolescents following natural and technological disasters: The essential nature of hope. In SchulenbergS. E. (Ed.), Positive psychological approaches to disaster: Meaning, resilience, and posttraumatic growth (pp. 115–135). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32007-2_8
48.
LiuA.WangW.WuX. (2020). Understanding the relation between self-compassion and suicide risk among adolescents in a post-disaster context: Mediating roles of gratitude and posttraumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01541
49.
LomasT.FrohJ. J.EmmonsR. A.MishraA.BonoG. (2014). Gratitude interventions: A review and future agenda. In ParksA. C.ScuellerS. M. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Positive Psychological Interventions (pp. 1–19). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118315927.ch1
50.
Maffly-KippJ.FlanaganP.KimJ.RiveraG.FriedmanM. D.VessM.HicksJ. A. (2021). Meaning-making, psychological distress and the experience of meaning in life following a natural disaster. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(5), 812–820̈. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620942688
51.
MarshallA. D. (2016). Developmental timing of trauma exposure relative to puberty and the nature of psychopathology among adolescent girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(1), 25–32.e1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.004
52.
MarquesS. C.Pais-RibeiroJ. L.LopezS. J. (2011). The role of positive psychology constructs in predicting mental health and academic achievement in children and adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(6), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9244-4
53.
MartelaF.StegerM. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
54.
MartinF.ClyneW.PearceG.TurnerA. (2019). Self-management support intervention for parents of children with developmental disorders: The role of gratitude and hope. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(4), 980–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01308-1
55.
McCulloughM. E.EmmonsR. A.TsangJ.-A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
56.
McCulloughM. E.KilpatrickS. D.EmmonsR. A.LarsonD. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect?Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249
57.
MiaoM.ZhengL.GanY. (2021). Future-oriented function of meaning in life: Promoting hope via future temporal focus. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110897
58.
MichaelS. T.SnyderC. R. (2005). Getting Unstuck: The roles of hope, finding meaning and rumination in the adjustment to bereavement among college students. Death Studies, 29(5), 435–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180590932544
MuussR. E. (1995). Erik Erikson’s theory of identity development. InMuussR. E. (Ed.), Theories of adolescence (pp. 42–57). McGraw-Hill.
61.
NajarianL. M.GoenjianA. K.PelcovitzD.MandelF.NajarianB. (2001). The effect of relocation after a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011108622795
62.
Negru-SubtiricaO.PopE. I.LuyckxK.DezutterJ.StegerM. F. (2016). The meaningful identity: A longitudinal look at the interplay between identity and meaning in life in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1926–1936. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000176
63.
NunnK. P.LewinT. J.WaltonJ. M.CarrV. J. (1996). The construction and characteristics of an instrument to measure personal hopefulness. Psychological Medicine, 26(3), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035613
64.
ParkN.PetersonC.SeligmanM. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619.
65.
RandK. L. (2018). Hope, self-efficacy and optimism: Conceptual and empirical differences. In GallagherM. W.LopezS. J. (Eds.), Oxford handbooks of hope (pp. 45–58). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/978019939931
66.
RussellP. S.FrackowiakM.Chon-ChenS.RusconiP.FasoliF. (2023). Induced gratitude and hope and experienced fear, but not experienced disgust, facilitate COVID-19 prevention. Cognition and Emotion, 37(2), 196–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2157377
67.
SchjoedtL.BirdB. (2014). Control variables: Use, misuse and recommended use. In StrangK. D. (Ed.), Handbook of research methods and applications in entrepreneurship and small business (pp. 136–155). Palgrave Macmillan.
68.
SchulenbergS. E. (2016). Disaster mental health and positive psychology-considering the context of natural and technological disasters: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22409
SnyderC. R.FeldmanD. B.TaylorJ. D.SchroederL. L.AdamsV. H. (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 9(4), 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(00)80003-7
73.
SnyderC. R.HarrisC.AndersonJ. R.HolleranS. A.IrvingL. M.SigmonS. T.YoshinobuL.GibbJ.LangelleC.HarneyP. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
74.
StegerM. F.FrazierP.OishiS.KalerM. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
75.
StegerM. F.KashdanT. B. (2013). The unbearable lightness of meaning: Well-being and unstable meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 103–115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.771208
76.
StegerM. F.OishiS.KashdanT. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303127
77.
Sui-chu HoE.ChiuS. W.SumK.CheungC. W.LeeT. S. (2021). The mediating role of different types of parental support in the social disparity of hope in young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(7), 1437–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01409-z
78.
TarhanS.BacanlıH. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 3(1), 1–14.
79.
TarunaSingh, S.Shikha. (2022). Psychological well-being of youth: The role of gratitude and hope. Journal of Psychology and Behavior Studies, 2(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.32996/jpbs.2022.1.1
80.
TuasonM. T. G.GüssC. D.CarrollL. (2012). The disaster continues: A qualitative study on the experiences of displaced Hurricane Katrina survivors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(4), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028054
81.
WangD.ChenX. Y.ZhaiS.FanF. (2022). Gratitude and internalizing/externalizing symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: Mediating roles of social support and resilience. Journal of Adolescence, 94(6), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12070
82.
WangD.WangY. C.TudgeJ. R. H. (2015). Expressions of gratitude in children and adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(8), 1039–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115594140
83.
WatkinsP. C.WoodwardK.StoneT.KoltsR. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431–451.
84.
WitvlietC. V.RichieF. J.Root LunaL. M.Van TongerenD. R. (2019). Gratitude predicts hope and happiness: A two-study assessment of traits and states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1424924
85.
Yalçınİ.MalkoçA. (2015). The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 915–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9540-5
86.
YuenM.ChungY. B.LeeQ. A. Y.LauP. S. Y.ChanR. M. C.GysbersN. C.SheaP. M. K. (2020). Meaning in life and school guidance programs: Adolescents’ voices from Hong Kong. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 20(3), 653–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-020-09423-6
87.
YükselA.Oğuz DuranN. (2012). Turkish adaptation of gratitude questionnaire. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 199–216.
88.
ZhangP.YeL.FuF.ZhangL. G. (2021). The influence of gratitude on the meaning of life: The mediating effect of family function and peer relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 680795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680795
89.
ZhouX.ZhenR.WuX. (2019). Understanding the relation between gratitude and life satisfaction among adolescents in a post-disaster context: Mediating roles of social support, self-esteem and hope. Child Indicators Research, 12, 1781–1795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9610-z
90.
ZhouX.WuX.ZhenR. (2017). Self-esteem and hope mediate the relations between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents following the Ya’an earthquake. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1374376
