The role of diverse parenting practices and religiosity in Muslim American youth’s positive adjustment is not well understood. Drawing on a strength-based approach, the present study examined the mediating role of multiple dimensions of religiosity (religious attitudes, practices, and struggles) in the association between maternal promotion of volitional functioning (PVF) and Muslim American adolescents’ civic engagement. Two-hundred and twenty-one Muslim adolescents (13- to 18-year-olds; 59% girls) participated in an online survey and reported on their perceptions of PVF, their religious attitudes, practices, struggles, and their civic engagement. Our results suggested that for adolescents who receive maternal support for acting upon and exploring their interests, religious practices by themselves might be an indicator of the internalization of religious virtues that promote civic behavior. These findings highlight the importance of how maternal support for autonomy can promote specific aspects of religiosity and facilitate Muslim adolescents’ positive development.
Abu-RaiyaH. A.PargamentK. I.KrauseN. (2016). Religion as problem, religion as solution: Religious buffers of the links between religious/spiritual struggles and well-being/mental health. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 25(5), 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1163-8
2.
Abu-RaiyaH. A.PargamentK. I.KrauseN.IronsonG. (2015). Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000084
3.
Abu RaiyaH. A.PargamentK. I.MahoneyA.SteinC. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802229270
4.
AndolinaM.KeeterS.ZukinC.JenkinsK. (2003). A guide to the index of civic and political engagement. Circle.
5.
Balkaya-InceM.CheahC. S. L.KiangL.TahseenM. (2020). Exploring daily mediating pathways of religious identity in the associations between maternal religious socialization and Muslim American adolescents’ civic engagement. Developmental Psychology, 56(8), 1446–1457. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000856
6.
BarniD.RussoC.ZagreanI.FabioM.DanioniF. (2020). Adolescents’ internalization of moral values: The role of paternal and maternal promotion of volitional functioning. Journal of Family Studies, 28(3), 1095–1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1789494
7.
BebirogluN.GeldhofG. J.PinderhughesE. E.PhelpsE.LernerR. M. (2013). From Family to Society: The Role of Perceived Parenting Behaviors in Promoting Youth Civic Engagement. Parenting, 13(3), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2013.756352
8.
BebirogluN.RoskamI.van der StratenN. (2015). Discussing religion: Exploring the link between parental religious socialization messages and youth outcomes. Review of Religious Research, 57, 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-014-0200-3
BorcaG.RabagliettiE.RoggeroA.KellerP.HaakE.BegottiT. (2017). Personal values as a mediator of relations between perceived parental support and control and youth substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(12), 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1293103
11.
BornsteinM. H. (2017). The specificity principle in acculturation science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(1), 3–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616655997
12.
BraamA. W.KoenigH. G. (2019). Religion, spirituality and depression in prospective studies: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 428–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.063
13.
BrambillaM.AssorA.ManziC.RegaliaC. (2015). Autonomous versus controlled religiosity: Family and group antecedents. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2014.888902
14.
CainK. M.SchiroI. N.GregoryW. E.WestbergL. M.LeeS. R.BoyleC. D. (2017). Muslim American adolescents’ explanations of changing religious practices: Cultural tools in cultural contexts. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12176
15.
CarloG.KnightG. P.DavisA. N. (2022). Kindness towards all: Prosocial behaviors to address U.S. Latinx youth social inequities. Advances in child development and behavior, 63, 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.04.002
16.
CheahC.GursoyH.BalkayaM. (2021). Muslim-American adolescents’ identities mediate the association between cultural socialization and positive youth development: the moderating role of maternal warmth. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 81, 68–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.01.002
17.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18.
DanaK.Wilcox-ArchuletaB.BarretoM. (2017). The political incorporation of Muslims in the United States: The mobilizing role of religiosity in Islam. The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, 2(2), 170–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.4
19.
DavidovM.Oren-GabaiM.Abu-AsaadI. (2021). Religiosity as a moderator of the links between parental psychological control and children’s prosociality. Child Development, 92, 1171–1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13678
20.
DeciE. L.RyanR. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
21.
EvansA. B.BanerjeeM.MeyerR.AldanaA.FoustM.RowleyS. (2012). Racial socialization as a mechanism for positive development among African American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00226.x.
22.
ExlineJ. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. In PargamentK. I.ExlineJ. J.JonesJ. W. (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research) (pp. 459–475). American Psychological Association.
23.
FlanaganC. A.LevineP. (2010). Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. The Future of children, 20(1), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0043
FleischmannF.MartinovicB.BöhmM. (2016). Mobilising mosques? The role of service attendance for political participation of Turkish and Moroccan minorities in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39, 746–763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1081962
26.
GasmanM.SpencerD.OrphanC. (2015). “Building bridges, not fences”: A history of civic engagement at private Black colleges and universities, 1944–1965. History of Education Quarterly, 55, 346–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12125
27.
GrahamJ. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.
28.
GrolnickW. S.RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children’s perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508
29.
GrütterJ.BuchmannM. (2022). Cohort differences in the development of civic engagement during adolescence. Child Development, 93(4), e427–e445.
30.
HardyS. A.DollahiteD. C.BaldwinC. R. (2019). Parenting, religion, and moral development. In LaibleD. J.CarloG.Padilla-WalkerL. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 179–196). Oxford University Press.
31.
HopeE. C.SpencerM. B. (2017). Civic engagement as an adaptive coping response to conditions of inequality: An application of phenom-enological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST). In CabreraN. J.LeyendeckerB. (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth (pp. 421–435). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6_25
32.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
33.
KaiserA. (2020). Muslim civic engagement in metropolitan Detroit: motivating forces and challenges. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 39(3), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2020.1760181
34.
KingP. E.FurrowJ. L. (2004). Religion as a resource for positive youth development: Religion, social capital, and moral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 40, 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.703
35.
KraussS. E.IsmailI. A.SuandiT.HamzahA.HamzahS. R.DahalanD.Mhd DaudN. F.IdrisF. (2013). Parenting and community engagement factors as predictors of religiosity among Muslim adolescents from Malaysia. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(2), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2012.670039
36.
LajevardiN.SpanglerL. (2022). Evaluating Muslim American representation. PS: Political Science & Politics, 55(2), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096521001566
37.
LernerR. M.WangJ.ChampineR. B.WarrenD. J. A.EricksonK. (2014). Development of civic engagement: Theoretical and methodological issues. International Journal of Developmental Science, 8, 69–79.
38.
LewisV. A.MacgregorC. A.PutnamR. D. (2013). Religion, networks, and neighborliness: The impact of religious social networks on civic engagement. Social Science Research, 42(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.011
39.
MaxwellS. E.ColeD. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological methods, 12(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23
40.
McCurdyA. L.WilliamsK. N.LeeG. Y.Benito-GomezM.FletcherA. C. (2020). Measurement of parental autonomy support: A review of theoretical concerns and developmental considerations. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 12, 382–397.
41.
McNamara BarryC.NelsonL.DavaryaS.UrryS. (2010). Religiosity and spirituality during the transition to adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409350964
42.
MillerW. R.ThoresenC. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24–35.
43.
MuddimanE.TaylorC.PowerS.MolesK. (2019). Young people, family relationships and civic participation. Journal of Civil Society, 15(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2018.1550903
44.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). (Original work published 1998)
45.
OcampoA. X.DanaK.BarretoM. A. (2018). The American Muslim voter: Community belonging and political participation. Social Science Research, 72, 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.002
46.
OskooiiK. A.DanaK. (2017). Muslims in Great Britain: The impact of mosque attendance on political behaviour and civic engagement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44, 1479–1505.
PutnamR. D.2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
49.
ReadJ. (2015). Gender, religious identity, and civic engagement among Arab Muslims in the United States. Sociology of Religion, 76(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sru042
50.
SahinA.FrancisL. J. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Islam among Muslim adolescents: The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis scale. Muslim Education Quarterly, 19(4), 35–47.
51.
SoenensB.VansteenkisteM.LensW.LuyckxK.GoossensL.BeyersW.RyanR. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 633.
52.
SofiS. A.NikaF. A. (2016). Concepts of social justice: An Islamic perspective. European Journal of Business Management, 8(1), 19–31.
53.
SmithC.RitzB.RotoloM. (2019). Religious parenting: Transmitting faith and values in contemporary America. Princeton University Press.
The Qur’an. (2004). (Abdel HaleemM. A. S, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
56.
VerganiM.JohnsA.LoboM.MansouriF. (2017). Examining Islamic religiosity and civic engagement in Melbourne. Journal of Sociology, 53(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783315621167
57.
WiltJ. A.ExlineJ. J.PargamentK. I. (2024). Coping with religious and spiritual struggles: Religious and secular techniques. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 11(2), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000289
58.
Wray-LakeL.AbramsL. S. (2020). Pathways to civic engagement among urban youth of color. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 85(2), 7–154.
59.
Wray-LakeL.FlanaganC. A. (2012). Parenting practices and the development of adolescents’ social trust. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 549–560. https://.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.09.006
60.
ZongX.CheahC. S. L. (2021). Multiple dimensions of religiosity, self-regulation, and psychological adjustment among emerging adults. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01780-x
