This study examined the moderating effect of youth–adult partnerships (YAPs) on the relationship between youth empowerment in the community and youth’s creative self-efficacy (CSE). A survey was administered to 2,653 youth recruited from youth service centers in Hong Kong, which measured youth empowerment in the community, perceived YAPs in youth services, and CSE. The results indicated positive associations between youth empowerment in the community and youth’s CSE and between YAPs and CSE. There was also an interaction effect between youth empowerment and YAPs on youth’s CSE, where the effect of youth empowerment was stronger for youth who experienced higher perceived levels of YAPs. This suggests an amplification effect of YAPs on the relationship between youth empowerment in the community and CSE. Overall, the present findings support a way for community-based youth services to empower youth and to facilitate creative developmental outcomes and initiatives among young people by enhancing YAPs.
AdenaikeF. A.OladipoS. E.OjewumiA. K. (2010). Establishing the reliability and validity of perceived youth empowerment scale. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 18(2), 127–136.
2.
AikenL. S.WestS. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. SAGE.
3.
AkivaT.CortinaK. S.SmithC. (2014). Involving youth in program decision-making: How common and what might it do for youth?Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(11), 1844–1860.
4.
AmabileT. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Westview Press.
5.
BanduraA. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
6.
BeghettoR. A. (2006). Creative self-efficacy: Correlates in middle and secondary students. Creativity Research Journal, 18(4), 447–457.
7.
BollenK. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley.
8.
CaminoL. (2000). Youth-adult partnerships: Entering new territory in community work and research. Applied Developmental Science, 4(1), 11–20.
9.
ChanD. W. (2007). Creative teaching in Hong Kong schools: Constraints and challenges. Educational Research Journal, 22(1), 1–12.
10.
ChandraY.LiangS. (2017). Social enterprise as a mechanism of youth empowerment. The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work, 51(1–2), 115–144.
11.
CheckowayB. (2011). What is youth participation?Children and Youth Services Review, 33(2), 340–345.
12.
CheungC. K. (2008). An overview of entrepreneurship education programmes in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 60(3), 241–255.
13.
ChienC. Y.HuiA. N. N. (2010). Creativity in early childhood education: Teachers’ perceptions in three Chinese societies. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5(2), 49–60.
14.
ChristensB. D. (2012). Toward relational empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1–2), 114–128.
15.
CollinsM. E.AugsbergerA.GeckerW. (2016). Youth councils in municipal government: Examination of activities, impact and barriers. Children and Youth Services Review, 65, 140–147.
16.
Commission on Youth. (2018). Youth development strategy for Hong Kong: Public engagement report.
17.
CongerJ. A.KanungoR. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482.
18.
CutronaC. E.RussellD. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In JonesW. H.PerlmanD. (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 37–67). JAI Press.
19.
Education Commission. (2000). Learning to learn: The way forward in curriculum development. Education Bureau.
20.
GardnerH. (1982). Art, mind, and brain: A cognitive approach to creativity. Basic Books.
21.
GongY.HuangJ. C.FarhJ. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765–778.
22.
GullanR. L.PowerT. J.LeffS. S. (2013). The role of empowerment in a school-based community service program with inner-city, minority youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(6), 664–689.
23.
HoD. Y. F.ChiuC. Y. (1994). Component ideas of individualism, collectivism, and social organization: An application in the study of Chinese culture. In KimU.TriandisH. C.KâğitçibaşiÇ.ChoiS. C.YoonG. (Eds.), Cross-cultural research and methodology series: Vol. 18. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 137–156). SAGE.
24.
HuiA. N. N.LauS. (2010). Formulation of policy and strategy in developing creativity education in four Asian Chinese societies: A policy analysis. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 44(4), 215–235.
25.
JenningsL. B.Parra-MedinaD. M.Hilfinger-MessiasD. K.McLoughlinK. (2006). Toward a critical social theory of youth empowerment. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1–2), 31–55.
26.
JonesK. R.PerkinsD. F. (2005). Youth-adult partnerships. In FisherC. B.LernerR. M. (Eds.), Applied developmental science: An encyclopedia of research, policies, and programs (pp. 1159–1163). SAGE.
27.
JonesK. R.PerkinsD. F. (2006). Youth and adult perceptions of their relationships within community-based youth programs. Youth & Society, 38(1), 90–109.
28.
KraussS. E.ColluraJ.ZeldinS.OrtegaA.AbdullahH.SulaimanA. H. (2014). Youth-adult partnership: Exploring contributions to empowerment, agency and community connections in Malaysian youth programs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1550–1562.
29.
LarsonR. W.WalkerK. C.PearceN. (2005). A comparison of youth-driven and adult-driven youth programs: Balancing inputs from youth and adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(1), 57–74.
30.
LarsonR. W.WalkerK. C.RuskN.DiazL. B. (2015). Understanding youth development from the practitioner’s point of view: A call for research on effective practice. Applied Developmental Science, 19(2), 74–86.
31.
LehrerJ. S.PetrakosH. H.VenkateshV. (2014). Grade 1 students’ out-of-school play and its relationship to school-based academic, behavior, and creativity outcomes. Early Education and Development, 25(3), 295–317.
32.
MartinezX. U.Jimenez-MoralesM.MasoP. S.BernetJ. T. (2017). Exploring the conceptualization and research of empowerment in the field of youth. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 405–418.
33.
MitraD. L. (2008). Balancing power in communities of practice: An examination of increasing student voice through school-based youth-adult partnerships. Journal of Educational Change, 9(3), 221–242.
34.
MuturiN.KiddT.DanielsA. M.KattelmannK. K.KhanT.LindshieldE.ZiesS.AdhikariK. (2018). Examining the role of youth empowerment in preventing adolescence obesity in low-income communities. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 242–251.
35.
NgA. (1975). Social causes of violent crimes among young offenders in Hong Kong. Social Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
36.
NgS. H.LiuJ. H.WeatherallA.LoongC. F. (1997). Younger adults’ communication experiences and contract with elders and peers. Human Communication Research, 24(1), 82–108.
37.
NgaiS. S. Y. (2006). Exploring emancipatory youth work: The case of Hong Kong outreach workers. International Social Work, 49(4), 471–481.
38.
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2017). The OECD handbook for innovative learning environments. OECD Publishing.
39.
ÖzaralliN. (2015). Linking empowering leader to creativity: The moderating role of psychological (felt) empowerment. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 366–376.
40.
PaxtonR. J.ValoisR. F.DraneJ. W. (2005). Perceived youth empowerment: Reliability and validity of a brief scale. American Journal of Health Studies, 20(3), 186–193.
41.
PetersonN. A.ZimmermanM. A. (2004). Beyond the individual: Toward a nomological network of organization empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(1–2), 129–145.
42.
RoachJ.WuretaE.RossL. (2013). Dilemmas of practice in the ecology of emancipatory youth-adult partnerships. International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies, 4(3), 475–488.
43.
SeibertS. E.SilverS. R.RandolphW. A. (2004). Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 332–349.
44.
SpreitzerG. M. (1995). Individual empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465.
45.
SunL. Y.ZhangZ.QiJ.ChenZ. X. (2012). Empowerment and creativity: A cross-level investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 55–65.
46.
TamC. S.PhillipsonS. N.PhillipsonS. (2014). Creativity in Hong Kong: Current contexts and issues. Australasian Journal of Gifted Education, 23(1), 28–38.
47.
ThomasK. W.VelthouseB. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681.
48.
TierneyP.FarmerS. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationships to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137–1148.
49.
ToS. M. (2007). Empowering school social work practices for positive youth development: Hong Kong experience. Adolescence, 42(167), 555–567.
50.
ToS. M. (2009). Conceptualizing empowerment in youth work: A qualitative analysis of Hong Kong school social workers’ experiences in generating empowering practices. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 15, 257–276.
51.
ToS. M.ChanW. C. H. (2016). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire in a sample of Chinese adolescents living in Hong Kong. Child & Youth Care Forum, 45, 487–503.
52.
ToS. M.LauY. K.Yau NgL. T. M. (2014). Evaluation study on the Women’s Foundation’s financial literacy program for marginalized women: Evaluation report. The Women’s Foundation.
53.
Vincent-LancrinS.González-SanchoC.BouckaertM.de LucaF.Fernández-BarrerraM.JacotinG.UrgelJ.VidalQ. (2019). Fostering students’ creativity and critical thinking: What it means in school. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/62212c37-en.
54.
WallT. D.WoodS. J.LeachD. J. (2004). Empowerment and performance. In CooperC. L.RobertsonI. T. (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1–46). John Wiley.
55.
WernickL. J.KulickA.WoodfordM. R. (2014). How theater within a transformative organizing framework cultivates individual and collective empowerment among LGBTQQ youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(7), 838–853.
56.
WongN. T.ZimmermanM. A.ParkerE. D. (2010). A typology of youth participation and empowerment for child and adolescent health promotion. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1–2), 100–114.
57.
WongV. (2004). From personal to structural: Towards critical change in youth work practice. Youth Studies Australia, 23(3), 10–16.
58.
WynJ.WhiteR. (1997). Rethinking youth. SAGE.
59.
Youth and Corrections Branch. (2019). Integrated Children and Youth Services Centre. Social Welfare Department.
60.
YuanR.NgaiS. S. Y. (2016). Agentic personality as mediator of social capital on developmental outcomes in the transition to adulthood: Evidence from Shanghai, China. Journal of Adolescence, 46, 1–13.
61.
ZeldinS.ChristensB. D.PowersJ. L. (2013). The psychology and practice of youth-adult partnership: Bridging generations for youth development and community change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 51(3–4), 385–397.
62.
ZeldinS.GauleyJ. S.KraussS. T.KornbluhM.ColluraJ. (2017). Youth-adult partnership and youth civic development: Cross-national analyses for scholars and field professionals. Youth & Society, 49(7), 851–878.
63.
ZeldinS.KraussS. E.ColluraJ.LucchesiM.SulaimanA. H. (2014). Conceptualizing and measuring youth-adult partnership in community programs: A cross national study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 54(3–4), 337–347.
64.
ZhangD. J.ZhouZ. K.GuC. H.LeiY. J.FanC. Y. (2018). Family socio-economic status and parent-child relationships are associated with the social creativity of elementary school children: The mediating role of personality traits. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(9), 2999–3007.
65.
ZhangX. M.BartolK. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128.
66.
ZimmermanM. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational, and community levels of analysis. In RappaportJ.SeidmanE. (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
