Criminological literature has examined the potential for gendered pathways of offending, while also recognizing the gendered risk for victimization. General strain theory explicitly recognizes this gendered risk as strains that structure differences in these experiences for males and females. The current article tests the longitudinal risk for different sources of strain using a general strain model and gendered factors that shape differences between males and females. The results suggest that strains like childhood maltreatment, adolescent adversity, and adult intimate partner victimization as predictors of deviant behaviors can be explained within a general strain argument, but both similarities in the theoretical variables employed in the models and differences in the pathways between these experiences are evident across gender.
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