A randomly selected cross-sectional survey was conducted with 880 youth (16 to 24 years) in Nha Trang City to assess relationships between alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors. A timeline followback method was employed. Chi-square, generalized logit modeling and logistic regression analyses were performed. Of the sample, 78.2% male and 56.1% female respondents ever consumed alcohol. Males reporting sexual behaviors (vaginal, anal, oral sex) had a significantly higher calculated peak BAC of 0.151 compared to 0.082 for males reporting no sexual intimacy (p < .0001). Females reporting sexual behaviors had a peak BAC of 0.072 compared to 0.027 for those reporting no sexual intimacy (p = .016). Fifty percent of (33/66) males and 30.4% (7/23) females report event specific drinking and engagement in sexual behaviors. Males reporting 11+ drinks in 30 days had more sexual partners than those reporting 1 to 10 drinks (p = .037). Data suggest different physical and psychosocial mediators between alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors by gender.
Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1999). Sharing Responsibility: Women, Society, and Abortion. New York: Author.
2.
Brown, J.L., & Vanable, P.A. ( 2007). Alcohol use, partner type, and risky sexual behavior among college students: Findings from an event-level study. Additive Behaviors, 32, 2940-2952.
3.
Chun, S.S., & Sohn, A.R. ( 2005). Correlates of problem drinking by the alcohol use disorders identification test on Korean college campus [English Abstract] . Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 38, 307-314.
4.
Coleman, L.M. ( 2005). Young people, "risk," and sexual behavior: A literature review. Report prepared for the Health Development Agency and the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Brighton, UK: Trust for the Study of Adolescence.
5.
Coleman, L.M., & Cater, S.M. ( 2005). A qualitative study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and risky sex in adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 649-661.
6.
Cooper, M.L. ( 2002). Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 14, 101-117.
7.
Derman, K.H., Cooper, M.L., & Agocha, V.B. ( 1998). Sex-related alcohol expectancies as moderators of the relationship between alcohol use and risky sex in adolescents. Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 59(1), 71-77.
8.
Desapriya, E.B., Iwase, N., & Shimizu, S. ( 2002). Adolescents alcohol related traffic accidents and mortality in 1999-2000: Problem and solutions [English Abstract, PMID 12138723]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi, 37, 168-178.
9.
Detels, R. ( 2004). HIV/AIDS in Asia: Introduction. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(Suppl.A), 1-6.
10.
Douglas, M. ( 1987). Constructive drinking: Perspective on drink from anthropology . New York: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Duong, C.T., Nguyen T.H., Hoang, T.T.H., Nguyen, V.V., Do, T.M., Pham, V.H., et al. (2008). Sexual risk and bridging behaviors among young people in Hai Phong, Vietnam. AIDS Behavior, 12, 643-651.
12.
EC/UNFPA. ( 1999). Reproductive Health Initiative in Asia. New York: Author.
13.
Galvez-Buccollini, J.A., Paz-Soldan, V., Herrera, P., DeLea, S., Gilman, R.H., & Anthony, J.C. ( 2008). Links between sex-related expectations about alcohol, heavy episodic drinking and sexual risk among young men in a shantytown in Lima, Peru. International Family Planning Perspectives, 34(1), 15-20.
14.
Gefou-Madianou, D. ( 1992). Alcohol commensality, identity transformations and transcendence . In D. Gefou-Madianou (Ed.), Alcohol, Gender, and Culture (pp. 1-31). London : Routledge.
15.
George, W.H., & Stoner, S.A. ( 2000). Understanding acute alcohol effects on sexual behaviors . Annual Review of Sex Research, 11, 92-124.
16.
Go, V.F., Frangakis, C., Nam le, V., Bergenstrom, A., Sripaipan, T., Zenilman, J.M., et al. (2006). High HIV sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted disease prevalence among injection drug users in Northern Viet Nam: Implications for a generalized HIV epidemic. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 42(1), 108-115.
17.
Guilette, D.L., & Lyons, M.A. ( 2006). Sensation seeking, self-esteem, and unprotected sex in college students. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 7(5), 23-31.
18.
Hien, N.T., Long, N.T., & Huan, T.Q. ( 2004). HIV/AIDS epidemics in Vietnam: Evolution and responses . AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(Suppl. 3A), 137-154.
19.
Hosmer, D.W., & Lemeshow, A. ( 1989). Applied logistical regression. New York: John Wiley.
20.
Hustad, J.T.P., & Carey, K.B. ( 2005). Using calculations to estimate blood alcohol concentrations for naturally occurring drinking episodes: A validity study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 130-138.
21.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. ( 2002). Update: Viet Nam: Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
22.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. ( 2006). Viet Nam HIV fact sheet. Retrieved January 9, 2007, from http://www.unaids.org/en/Regions_Countries/Countries/viet_nam.asp
23.
Kalichman, S.C., Simbayi, L.C., Kaufman, M., Cain, D., & Jooste, S. ( 2007). Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review of empirical findings. Prevention Science, 8, 141-151.
24.
Kaljee, L.M., Genberg, B.L., Minh, T.T., Tho, L.H., Thoa, L.T.K., & Stanton, B. ( 2005). Alcohol use and HIV risk behaviors among rural adolescents in Khanh Hoa Province Viet Nam. Health Education Research , 20(1), 71-80.
25.
Kaljee, L.M., Green, M., Riel, R., Lerdboon, P., Tho, L.H., Thoa, L.T.K., et al. (2007). Sexual stigma, sexual behaviors, and abstinence among Vietnamese adolescents: Implications for risk and protective behaviors for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unwanted pregnancy. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 18(2), 48-59.
26.
Kaljee, L.M., Tho, L.H., Hung, L.Q., & Diep H. N. (2008). HIV prevention for adolescents and young adults in Viet Nam: Multiple perspectives on community-based research within socio-cultural and political-economic change. In B. Stanton , J. Galbraith, & L. Kaljee (Eds.), The uncharted path from clinic-based to community-based research (pp. 57-86). New York: Nova Science.
27.
Kolko, G. ( 1997). Viet Nam: Anatomy of a Peace. London : Routledge.
28.
Kranker, D. ( 2006, March 30). Drinking and sex: What do they have in common for Vietnamese youth?Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada: Society for Applied Anthropology.
29.
Le, L.C., Blum, R.W., Magnani, R., Hewett, P.C., & Do, H.M. ( 2006). A pilot of audio-computer assisted self-interview for youth reproductive health research in Viet Nam. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 740-747.
30.
Leigh, B.C., Morrison, D.M., Hoppe, M.J., Beadnell, B., & Gillmore, M.R. (2008). Retrospective assessment of the association between drinking and condom use. Journal of Studies of Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 773-776.
31.
Lerdboon, P., Pham, V., Green, M., Riel, R., Tho, L.H., Ha, N.T. V., et al. (2008). Strategies for developing gender-specific HIV prevention for adolescents in Viet Nam. AIDS Education and Prevention, 20, 384-398.
32.
Li, X., Fang, X., Stanton, B., Feigelman, S., & Dong, Q. ( 1996). The rate and pattern of alcohol consumption among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 353-361.
33.
Lin, D., Li, X., Yang, H., Fang, X., Stanton, B., Chen, X., et al. (2005). Alcohol intoxication and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 79, 103-112.
34.
Marlatt, G.A., & Rohsennow, D.J. (1980). Cognitive processes in alcohol use: Expectancy and the balanced-placebo design. In N. K. Mello (Ed.), Advances in substance abuse: Behavioral and biological research (pp. 159-199). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
35.
Ministry of Health Viet Nam. (2003). Survey assessment of Vietnamese youth. Ha Noi , Viet Nam: Author.
36.
Ministry of Health Viet Nam. (n.d.). General Department of Preventive Medicine and HIV/AIDS Control: HIV/AIDS estimates and projections 2005 to 2010. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: Author.
37.
Room, R., Agar, M., Beckett, J., Bennett, L.A., & Casswell, A. ( 1984). Comment on alcohol and ethnography: A case of problem deflation? Current Anthropology, 25, 178-184.
38.
Sarkar, N.N. ( 2008). Barriers to condom use. European Journal of Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Care, 13(2), 114-122.
39.
Sobell, L.C., & Sobell, M.B. ( 1992). Timeline followback: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In R. Z. Litten & J. Allen (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biological methods (pp. 41-72). New Jersey: Humana Press.
40.
Sobell, L.C., & Sobell, M.B. ( 1995). Alcohol consumption measures. In J. P. Allen & M. Columbus (Eds.), Assessing alcohol problems: A guide for clinicians and researchers (pp. 55-73). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism .
41.
Suzuki, K., Osaki, Y., Minowa, M., Wada, K., Ohida, T., Doi, Y., et al. (2003). Japanese national survey of adolescent drinking behavior: Comparison between 1996 and 2000 surveys [English Abstract PMID 14639921]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi, 38, 425-433.
42.
Thato, S., Charron-Prochownik, D., Dorn, L.D., Albrecht, S.A., & Stone, C.A. ( 2003). Predictors of condom use among adolescent Thai vocational students. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35, 157-163.
43.
Tho, L.H., Singhasivanon, P., Kaewkungwai, J., Kaljee, L., & Charoenkul, C. (2007). Sexual behaviors of alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers among adolescents and young adults in Nha Trang, Viet Nam. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38, 152-160.
44.
Thompson, J.C., Kao, T.C., & Thomas, R.J. ( 2005). The relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviors in a large behavioral study. Preventive Medicine , 41, 247-252.
45.
Twa-Twa, J.M., Oketcho, S., Siziva, S., & Muula, A.S. ( 2008). Prevalence and correlates of condoms use at last sexual intercourse among in-school adolescents in urban areas of Uganda. East African Journal of Public Health, 5(1), 22-25.
46.
World Bank. (2007). New five year plan for Vietnam. Retrieved September 26, 2008, from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21194622~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html
47.
World Health Organization. (2000). Regional Office for the Western Pacific. STI/HIV consensus Report on STI, HIV, and AIDS Epidemiology, Viet Nam. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
48.
World Health Organization. (2003). Sexual relations among young people in developing countries. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from www.who.int/reproductive-health/adolescent/publications/RHR_01_8_Sexual_relations
