Mixed-income development is the latest in a long line of policy interventions to improve outcomes in distressed urban neighbourhoods, particularly as an alternative to large scale public housing projects. Such developments are inherently integrationist, and have profound effects on the social lives and well-being of residents. After situating mixed-income developments within current residential demographic trends with regard to race and income, this article provides a comprehensive review of the 22 empirical studies addressing social integration in mixed-income developments in the United States, focusing on understanding the effects of spatial integration on social well-being. We discuss policy and practice implications to optimise the social well-being of residents, as well as strategies to improve scholarship in these settings.
BennettPR (2011) The social position of multiracial groups in the United States: Evidence from residential segregation. Ethnic and Racial Studies34(4): 707–729.
3.
ChaskinRJ (2013) Integration and exclusion urban poverty, public housing reform, and the dynamics of neighborhood restructuring. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science647(1): 237–267.
4.
ChaskinRJJosephML (2010) Building ‘community’ in mixed-income developments: Assumptions, approaches, and early experiences. Urban Affairs Review45(3): 299–335.
5.
ChaskinRJJosephML (2011) Social interaction in mixed-income developments: Relational expectations and emerging reality. Journal of Urban Affairs33(2): 209–237.
6.
ChaskinRJJosephML (2013) ‘Positive’ gentrification, social control and the ‘right to the city’ in mixed-income communities: Uses and expectations of space and place. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research37(2): 480–502.
7.
ChaskinRJSichlingFJosephML (2013) Youth in mixed-income communities replacing public housing complexes: Context, dynamics and response. Cities35: 423–431.
8.
ClarkWAVMaasR (2009) The geography of a mixed-race society. Growth and Change40(4): 565–593.
9.
CompareAZarboCManzoniGM. (2013) Social support, depression, and heart disease: A ten year literature review. Frontiers in Psychology4: Article 384, 1–7.
10.
CurleyAM (2009) Draining or gaining? The social networks of public housing movers in Boston. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships26(2–3): 227–247.
11.
CurleyAM (2010) Relocating the poor: Social capital and neighborhood resources. Journal of Urban Affairs32(1): 79–103.
12.
DavisTMWelcherAN (2013) School quality and the vulnerability of the Black middle class: The continuing significance of race as a predictor of disparate schooling environments. Sociological Perspectives56(4): 467–493.
13.
EllenIGHornKO’ReganK (2012) Pathways to integration: Examining changes in the prevalence of racially integrated neighborhoods. Cityscape14(3): 33–53.
14.
EllisMHollowaySRWrightR. (2012) Agents of change: Mixed-race households and the dynamics of neighborhood segregation in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers102(3): 549–570.
15.
FogelSJSmithMTWilliamsonAR (2008) Creating new patterns of social and economic activity through planned housing environments. Journal of Community Practice15(4): 97–115.
16.
FraserJCChaskinRJBazuinJT (2013a) Making mixed-income neighborhoods work for low-income households. Cityscape15(2): 83–100.
17.
FraserJCBurnsABBazuinJT. (2013b) HOPE VI, colonization, and the production of difference. Urban Affairs Review49(4): 525–556.
18.
FraserSTreloarCBryantJ. (2014) Hepatitis C prevention education needs to be grounded in social relationships. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy21(1): 88–92.
19.
FriedmanS (2008) Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note. Social Science Research37(3): 920–933.
20.
GaddisSMGhoshalR (2015) Arab American housing discrimination, ethnic competition, and the contact hypothesis. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science660(1): 282–299.
21.
GravesEM (2010) The structuring of urban life in a mixed-income housing ‘community’. City and Community9(1): 109–131.
22.
GravesEM (2011) Mixed outcome developments: Comparing policy goals to resident outcomes in mixed-income housing. Journal of the American Planning Association77(2): 143–153.
23.
GreenbaumSHathawayWRodriguezC. (2008) Deconcentration and social capital: Contradictions of a poverty alleviation policy. Journal of Poverty12(2): 201–228.
24.
HawkleyLCCacioppoJT (2007) Aging and loneliness downhill quickly?Current Directions in Psychological Science16(4): 187–191.
25.
HeinrichLMGulloneE (2006) The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review26(6): 695–718.
26.
HickeyRSturtevantLThadenE (2014) Achieving Lasting Affordability through Inclusionary Housing. Lincoln, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
27.
HyraD (2013) Mixed-income housing: Where have we been and where do we go from here?Cityscape15(2): 123–134.
28.
JosephMChaskinR (2010) Living in a mixed-income development: Resident perceptions of the benefits and disadvantages of two developments in Chicago. Urban Studies47(11): 2347–2366.
29.
JosephMGressT (2013) State of the Field Scan #1: National Initiative on Mixed-Income Communities. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University.
30.
KellerJ (2011) Experiences of public housing residents following relocation: Explorations of ambiguous loss, resiliency, and cross-generational perspectives. Journal of Poverty15(2): 141–163.
31.
KellerJLaaksoJStevensC. (2013) Ethnically diverse HOPE VI redevelopments: A community case study from the Pacific Northwest. Cityscape15(2): 29–46.
32.
KleitRG (2005) HOPE VI new communities: Neighborhood relationships in mixed-income housing. Environment and Planning A37: 1412–1441.
33.
KleitRGCarnegieNB (2011) Integrated or isolated? The impact of public housing redevelopment on social network homophily. Social Networks33(2): 152–165.
34.
KrysanM (2002) Community undesirability in Black and White: Examining racial residential preferences through community perceptions. Social Problems49(4): 521–543.
35.
LaaksoJ (2013) Flawed policy assumptions and HOPE VI. Journal of Poverty17(1): 29–46.
36.
LeesL (2008) Gentrification and social mixing: Towards an inclusive urban renaissance?Urban Studies45(12): 2449–2470.
37.
LichterDTParisiDTaquinoMC (2015) Toward a new macro-segregation? Decomposing segregation within and between metropolitan cities and suburbs. American Sociological Review80(4): 843–873.
38.
LipsitzG (2007) The racialization of space and the spatialization of race: Theorizing the hidden architecture of landscape. Landscape Journal26(1): 10–23.
39.
LukeDA (2005) Getting the big picture in community science: Methods that capture context. American Journal of Community Psychology35(4/5): 185–200.
40.
McCormickNJJosephMLChaskinRJ (2012) The new stigma of relocated public housing residents: Challenges to social identity in mixed-income developments. City and Community11(3): 285–308.
41.
MannariniTFediA (2009) Multiple senses of community: The experience and meaning of community. Journal of Community Psychology37(2): 211–227.
42.
MazerolleLWickesRMcBroomJ (2010) Community variations in violence: The role of social ties and collective efficacy in comparative context. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency47(1): 3–30.
43.
MihaylovNPerkinsDD (2014) Community place attachment and its role in social capital development in response to environmental disruption. In: ManzoLDevine-WrightP (eds) Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Research. London: Routledge, pp. 61–74.
44.
MitchellD (2003) The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: Guilford Press.
45.
OdgersCLDonleySCaspiA. (2015) Living alongside more affluent neighbors predicts greater involvement in antisocial behavior among low-income boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry56(10): 1055–1064.
46.
PendallRHedmanC (2015) Worlds Apart: Inequality Between America’s Most and Least Affluent Neighborhoods. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
47.
PendallRHendeyL (2013) A Brief Look at the Early Implementation of Choice Neighborhoods. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
48.
PerkinsDDHugheyJSpeerPW (2002) Community psychology perspectives on social capital theory and community development practice. Community Development33(1): 33–52.
49.
PopkinSJ (2004) A Decade of HOPE VI: Research Findings and Policy Challenges. Washington DC: The Urban Institute.
50.
QuallsSH (2014) Yes, health and social relationships are inextricably linked. Generations38(1): 6–7.
51.
ReardonSFFoxLTownsendJ (2015) Neighborhood income composition by household race and income, 1990–2009. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science660(1): 78–97.
52.
ReasonPBradburyH (eds) (2001) Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
53.
ReeceJNorrisDOligerJ. (2013) Place Matters: Using Mapping to Plan for Opportunity, Equity, and Sustainability. Columbus, OH: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity.
54.
ShapiroTMMeschedeTSullivanL (2010) The Racial Wealth Gap Increases Fourfold. Waltham, MA: Institute on Assets and Social Policy, Brandeis University.
55.
SinRKrysanM (2015) What is racial residential integration? A research synthesis, 1950–2013. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity1(4): 467–474.
56.
SmrekarCEBentleyL (2011) HOPE VI neighborhoods and neighborhood schools: Understanding how revitalized neighborhoods influence school environments. Peabody Journal of Education86(4): 416–435.
57.
SteilJDelaRocaJEllenIG (2015) Desvinculado y desigual: Is segregation harmful to Latinos?The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science660(1): 57–76.
58.
SueDW (ed) (2010) Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
59.
TachLM (2009) More than bricks and mortar: Neighborhood frames, social processes, and the mixed-income redevelopment of a public housing project. City and Community8(3): 269–299.
60.
TalenE (2012) Design for Diversity. Oxford: Elsevier.
Van der KolkBA (2002) The assessment and treatment of complex PTSD. In: YehudaR (ed.) Treating Trauma Survivors with PTSD. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., pp. 127–156.
64.
WagmillerRL (2013) Blacks’ and Whites’ experiences of neighborhood racial and ethnic diversity: Intercohort variation in neighborhood diversity and integration in early and early middle adulthood. Urban Affairs Review49(1): 32–70.
65.
WalshKC (2006) Communities, race, and talk: An analysis of the occurrence of civic intergroup dialogue programs. Journal of Politics68(1): 22–33.
66.
WeedM (2005) ‘Meta interpretation’: A method for the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research6(1): 1–16.
67.
YinRK (2003) Applications of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
