This methodological paper shows that using different local job accessibility models (LJAs) leads to significantly different empirical appreciations of job accessibility. Matching several exhaustive micro data sources on the Paris region municipalities, the paper benchmarks a representative set of LJA measurement models used in the recent literature and an original model where job availability is fully estimated according to a set of individual characteristics, job competition is fully modelled on the local labour market and frontier effects are controlled for. We show that the model-induced empirical differences are spatially differentiated across the Paris region municipalities, and that failing to fully estimate job availability may lead to overestimation of the job accessibility levels of underprivileged municipalities.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllardS. W.DanzigerS. H. (2002) Proximity and opportunity: how residence and race affect the employment of welfare, Housing Policy Debate, 13(4), pp. 675–700.
2.
BaniaN.LeeteL.CoultonC. (2008) Job access, employment and earnings: outcomes for welfare leavers in a US urban labour market, Urban Studies, 45(11), pp. 2179–2202.
3.
BaradaranS.RamjerdiF. (2001) Performance of accessibility measures in Europe, Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4(2/3), pp. 31–48.
4.
CerveroR.RoodT.AppleyardB. (1999) Tracking accessibility: employment and housing opportunities in the San Francisco Bay area, Environment and Planning A, 31(7), pp. 1259–1278.
5.
ChauvelL. (2006) Les Classes moyennes à la dérive. Paris: Seuil.
6.
CheshireP. (1995) A new phase of urban development in Western Europe? The evidence for the 1980s, Urban Studies, 32, pp. 1045–1063.
7.
Détang-DessandreC.GaignéC. (2009) Unemployment duration, city size, and the tightness of the labor market, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, pp. 266–276.
8.
DREIF (Direction Régionale de l’Equipement d’Ile-de-France) (2011) Les Franciliens utilisent autant les transports en commun que la voiture pour se rendre au travail, Ile de France à la page, 353 (April).
9.
DuguetE.L’HortyY.SariF. (2009) Sortir du chômage en Île-de-France: disparités territoriales, spatial mismatch et ségrégation résidentielle, Revue Économique, 60, pp. 979–1010.
10.
DuguetE.L’HortyY.du ParquetL.PetitP.SariF. (2012) Les effets du lieu de résidence sur l’accès à l’emploi: un test de discrimination auprès de jeunes qualifiés, Économie et Statistique, 447, pp. 71–95.
11.
DujardinC.SelodH.ThomasI. (2008) Residential segregation and unemployment: the case of Brussels, Urban Studies, 45(1), pp. 89–113.
12.
DuriezB.IonJ.PinçonM.Pinçon-CharlotM. (1991) Institutions statistiques et nomenclatures socioprofessionnelles, Revue française de sociologie, 32(1), p. 29–59.
FourgeotG.GautiéJ. (1997) Insertion professionnelle des jeunes et processus de déclassement, Économie et Statistique, 304/305, pp. 53–74.
15.
GaschetF.GaussierN. (2004) Urban segregation and labour markets within the Bordeaux metropolitan area: an investigation of the spatial friction. Cahiers du GRES, 2004–19, Groupement de Recherches Economiques et Sociales.
16.
GobillonL.SelodH. (2007) Les déterminants locaux du chômage en région parisienne, Économie et Prévision, 4/(180-181), pp. 19–38.
17.
HandyS.NiemeierD. (1997) Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives, Environment and Planning A, 29, pp. 1175–1194.
18.
HansenW. (1959) How accessibility shapes land use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25, pp. 73–76.
19.
HarrisB. (2001) Accessibility: concepts and application, Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 4(2/3), pp. 15–30.
20.
HéranF. (1984) L’assise statistique de la sociologie, Économie et Statistique, 168, pp. 23–35.
21.
HoustonD. (2005) Employability, skills mismatch and spatial mismatch in metropolitan labour markets, Urban Studies, 42(2), pp. 221–243.
22.
IlhanfeldtK. (1993) The spatial mismatch between jobs and residential locations within urban areas, Cityscape, 1, pp. 219–244.
23.
IlhanfeldtK.SjoquistD. (1998) The spatial mismatch hypothesis: a review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform, Housing Policy Debate, 9, pp. 849–892.
24.
JayetH. (2000) Villes et marchés du travail, in: PerrinE.RousierN. (Eds) Ville et emploi: Le territoire au cœur des nouvelles formes du travail, pp. 53–64. Paris: L’Aube.
25.
JohnsonR. (2006) Landing a job in urban space: the extent and effects of spatial mismatch, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36, pp. 331–372.
26.
KainJ. (1968) Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82, p. 175–197.
27.
KainJ. (1992) The spatial mismatch hypothesis: three decades later, Housing Policy Debate, 3, pp. 371–460.
28.
KawabataM.ShenQ. (2007) Commuting inequality between cars and public transit: the case of the San Francisco Bay area, 1990–2000, Urban Studies, 44(9), pp. 1759–1780.
29.
van der KlaauwB.van OursJ. (2003) From welfare to work: does the neighborhood matter?, Journal of Public Economics, 87, pp. 957–985.
30.
KorsuE.WenglenskiS. (2010) Job accessibility, residential segregation, and risk of long-term unemployment in the Paris region, Urban Studies, 47(11), pp. 2279–2324.
31.
MatasA.RaymondJ.-L.RoigJ.-L. (2009) Car ownership and access to jobs in Spain, Transportation Research Part A, 43, pp. 607–617.
32.
MaurinE. (2009) La peur du déclassement: une sociologie des récessions. Paris: Seuil.
33.
MorrisJ. M.DumbleP. L.WiganM. R.(1979) Accessibility indicators for transport planning, Transportation Research A, 13, pp. 91–109.
34.
MusterdS.OstendorfW.de VosS. (2003) Environmental effects and social mobility, Housing Studies, 18(6), pp. 877–892.
35.
Nauze-FichetE.TomanisiM. (2002) Diplôme et insertion sur le marché du travail: approches socioprofessionnelle et salariale du déclassement, Économie et Statistique, 354, pp. 21–48.
36.
OngP. M.MillerD. (2005) Spatial and transportation mismatch in Los Angeles, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), pp. 43–56.
37.
OswaldA. J. (1996) A conjecture on the explanation for high unemployment in the industrialized nations: part I. Warwick University (mimeograph).
38.
PatacchiniE.ZenouY. (2005) Spatial mismatch, transport mode and search decisions in England, Journal of Urban Economics, 58, pp. 62–90.
39.
RaphaelS. (1998) The spatial mismatch hypothesis and black youth joblessness: evidence from the San Francisco Bay area, Journal of Urban Economics, 43, pp. 79–111.
40.
RogersC. (1997) Job search and unemployment duration: implications for the spatial mismatch hypothesis, Journal of Urban Economics, 42, pp. 109–132.
41.
SanchezT. W.ShenQ.PengZ. R. (2004) Transit mobility, jobs access, and low-income labour participation in US metropolitan areas, Urban Studies, 41, pp. 1313–1331.
42.
TovarE.Bourdeau-LepageL. (2013) Well-being disparities within the Paris region: a capabilist spatialized outlook, Urban Studies, 50(8), pp. 1575–1591.
43.
van WeeB.HagoortM.AnnemaJ. A. (2001) Accessibility measures with competition, Journal of Transport Geography, 9, pp. 199–208.
44.
WeibullJ. W. (1976) An axiomatic approach to the measurement of accessibility, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 6, pp. 357–379.
