Over the past three decades, research in urban politics or increasingly urban governance reveals a landscape powerfully reflecting what might now be defined as a post-political consensus. Following a waning of the community power, urban managerialist and collective consumption debates, this ‘new urban politics’ has appeared conspicuously absorbed with analysing a purported consensus around economic growth alongside a proliferation of entrepreneurially oriented governing regimes. More recent contributions, acknowledging the role of the state and governmentalities of criminal justice, uncover how downtown renaissance is inscribed through significant land privatisations and associated institutionalised expressions like Business Improvement Districts and other ‘primary definers’ of ‘public benefit’: all choreographed around an implicit consensus to ‘police’ the circumspect city, while presenting as ultra-politics anything that might disturb the strict ethics of consumerist citizenship. Beyond downtown, a range of shadow governments, secessionary place-makings and privatisms are remaking the political landscape of post-suburbia. It is contended that the cumulative effect of such metropolitan splintering may well be overextending our established interpretations of urban landscapes and city politics, prompting non-trivial questions about the precise manner in which political representation, democracy and substantive citizenship are being negotiated across metropolitan regions, from downtown streetscape to suburban doorstep. This paper suggests that recent theorisations on post-democracy and the post-political may help to decode the contemporary landscape of urban politics beyond governance, perhaps in turn facilitating a better investigation of crucial questions over distributional justice and metropolitan integrity.
AllenJ. (2004) The whereabouts of power: politics, government and space, Geografiska Annaler, 86, pp. 19–32.
3.
AllenJ.CochraneA. (2007) Beyond the territorial fix: regional assemblages, politics and power, Regional Studies, 41, pp. 1161–1175.
4.
AlSayyadN.RoyA. (2006) Medieval modernity: on citizenship and urbanism in a global era, Space and Polity, 10, pp. 1–20.
5.
AminA. (2004) Regions unbound: towards a new politics of place, Geografiska Annaler, 86B, pp. 33–44.
6.
AminA. (2006) The good city, Urban Studies, 43, pp. 1009–1023.
7.
AminA.GrahamS. (1997) The ordinary city, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS, 22, pp. 411–430.
8.
AminA.ThriftN. (2002) Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Cambridge: Polity.
9.
AtkinsonR. (2008) The great cut: the support for private modes of social evasion by public policy, Social Policy and Administration, 42, pp. 593–610.
10.
BanerjeeT. (2001) The future of public space: beyond invented streets and reinvented places, Journal of the American Planning Association, 67, pp. 9–24.
11.
BannisterJ.FyfeN.KearnsA. (2006) Respectable or respectful? (In)civility and the city, Urban Studies, 43, pp. 919–937.
12.
BarnekovT.BoyleR.RichD. (1989) Privatism and Urban Policy in Britain and the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13.
BeauregardR. (1995) Edge cities: peripheralizing the center, Urban Geography, 16, pp. 708–721.
14.
BeauregardR. (2003) City of superlatives, City and Community, 2, pp. 183–199.
15.
BlakelyE.SnyderM. (1999) Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States, paperback edn.Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
16.
BlomleyN. (2004) Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property. New York: Routledge.
17.
BoddyT. (1992) Underground and overhead: building the analogous city, in: SorkinM. (Ed.) Variations on a Theme Park, pp. 123–153. New York: The Noonday Press.
18.
BoudreauJ.-A.KeilR. (2001) Seceding from responsibility? Secession movements in Los Angeles, Urban Studies, 38, pp. 1701–1731.
19.
BoyerC. (1993) The city of illusion: New York’s public spaces, in: KnoxP. (Ed.) The Restless Urban Landscape, pp. 111–126. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
20.
BoyleM. (1999) Growth machines and propaganda projects: a review of readings of the role of civic boosterism in the politics of local economic development, in: JonasA.WilsonD. (Eds) The Urban Growth Machine: Critical Perspectives Two Decades Later, pp. 55–72. Albany, NY: State University Press of New York.
21.
BoyleM.HughesG. (1995) The politics of urban entrepreneurialism in Glasgow, Geoforum, 25, pp. 453–470.
22.
BrennerN. (1999) Globalisation as reterritorialisation: the re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union, Urban Studies, 36, pp. 431–451.
23.
BrennerN. (2004) New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24.
BrennerN.TheodoreN. (2002) Cities and the geographies of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’, Antipode, 34, pp. 349–379.
25.
BruegmannR. (2006) Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
26.
CaldeiraT. (2000) City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
27.
CarterH. (2008) Policing the retail republic, The Guardian, 28May.
28.
ChristophersonS. (1994) The fortress city: privatized spaces, consumer citizenship, in: AminA. (Ed.) Post-Fordism: A Reader, pp. 409–427. Oxford: Blackwell.
29.
ClarkeS.StaeheliL.BrunnellL. (1995) Women redefining urban politics, in: JudgeD.StokerG.WolmanH. (Eds) Theories of Urban Politics, pp. 205–227. London: Sage.
30.
CochraneA. (1999) Redefining urban politics for the twenty-first century, in: JonasA.WilsonD. (Eds) The Urban Growth Machine: Critical Perspectives Two Decades Later, pp. 3–18. Albany, NY: State University Press of New York.
31.
CochraneA.PeckJ.TickellA. (1996) Manchester plays games: exploring the local politics of globalisation, Urban Studies, 33, pp. 1319–1336.
32.
ColemanR. (2004) Images from a neoliberal city: the state, surveillance and social control, Critical Criminology, 12, pp. 21–42.
33.
ColemanR. (2009) ‘They just look wrong’: visualizing ‘crime’ and grime in the post social city, Criminal Justice Matters, 78(December), pp. 29–31.
34.
ColombC. (2007) Unpacking New Labour’s ‘urban renaissance’ agenda: towards a socially sustainable reurbanization of British cities, Planning, Practice & Research, 22, pp. 1–24.
35.
ConnellJ. (1999) Beyond Manila: walls, malls, and private spaces, Environment and Planning A, 31, pp. 417–439.
36.
CookI. R. (2008) Mobilising urban policies: the policy transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales, Urban Studies, 45, pp. 773–795.
37.
CoutardO. (2008) Placing splintering urbanism: introduction, Geoforum, 39, pp. 1815–1820.
38.
CoxK. (1993) The local and the global in the new urban politics: a critical view, Environment and Planning D, 11, pp. 433–448.
39.
CoxK. (1995) Globalisation, competition and the politics of local economic development, Urban Studies, 32, pp. 213–224.
40.
CoxK. (1998) Spaces of dependence, spaces of engagement and the politics of scale, or: looking for local politics, Political Geography, 17, pp. 1–23.
41.
CoxK.MairA. (1989) Urban growth machines and the politics of local economic development, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 13, pp. 137–146.
DahlR. (1961) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
44.
DavisM. (1990) City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso.
45.
DavisM. (2006) Planet of Slums. London: Verso.
46.
DearM.DahmannN. (2008) Urban politics and the Los Angeles school of urbanism, Urban Affairs Review, 44, pp. 266–279.
47.
DearM.FlustyS. (2002) Los Angeles as postmodern urbanism, in: DearM. (Ed.) From Chicago to LA: Making Sense of Urban Theory, ch. 3. London: Sage.
48.
DeFilippisJ. (1999) Alternatives to the ‘new urban politics’: finding locality and autonomy in local economic development, Political Geography, 18, pp. 973–990.
49.
DeVerteuilG.MayJ.von MahsJ. (2009) Complexity not collapse: recasting the geographies of homelessness in a ‘punitive’ age, Progress in Human Geography, 33(5), pp. 646–666.
50.
DickH.RimmerP. (1998) Beyond the third world city: the new urban geography of south-east Asia, Urban Studies, 35, pp. 2303–2321.
51.
DikeçM. (2005) Space, politics and the political, Environment and Planning D, 23, pp. 171–188.
52.
DikeçM. (2007) Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.
53.
DouglassM.HuangL. (2007) Globalizing the city in southeast Asia: utopia on the urban edge—the case of Phu My Hung, Saigon, International Journal of Asia–Pacific Studies, 3, pp. 1–42.
54.
DreierP.MollenkopfJ.SwanstromT. (2001) Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
55.
DuanyA.SpeckJ.LydonM. (2010) The Smart Growth Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
56.
DuncanS.GoodwinM. (1988) The Local State and Uneven Development. Cambridge: Polity.
57.
DuroseC.LowndesV. (2010) Neighbourhood governance: contested rationales within a multi-level setting: a study of Manchester, Local Government Studies, 36, pp. 341–359.
58.
FainsteinS. (2004) The City Builders: Property, Politics and Planning in London and New York, 2nd edn.Oxford: Blackwell.
59.
FishmanR. (1987) Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. New York: Basic Books.
60.
FishmanR. (1990) Metropolis unbound: the new city of the twentieth century, Flux, 6(1), pp. 43–55.
61.
FloridaR. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books.
62.
FlustyS. (2001) The banality of interdiction: surveillance, control and the displacement of diversity, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25, pp. 658–664.
63.
FordL. (2003) Revitalization or Reinvention? America’s New Downtowns. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
64.
GarreauJ. (1991) Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. New York: Doubleday.
65.
GeddesM. (2006) Partnership and the limits to local governance in England: institutionalist analysis and neoliberalism, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30, pp. 76–97.
66.
GlynnS. (2009) Where the Other Half Lives: Lower Income Housing in a Neoliberal World. London: Pluto Press.
67.
GoldJ.GoldM. (2005) Cities of Culture: Staging International Festivals and the Urban Agenda, 1851–2000. Aldershot: Ashgate.
68.
GoldbergerP. (1996) The rise of the private city, in: Vitullo MartinJ. (Ed.) Breaking Away: The Future of Cities, pp. 101–138. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
69.
GonzálezS. (2009) (Dis)connecting Milan(ese): deterritorialised urbanism and disempowering politics in globalising cities, Environment and Planning A, 41, pp. 31–47.
70.
GoodwinM.DuncanS.HalfordS. (1993) Regulation theory, the local state, and the transition of urban politics, Environment and Planning D, 11, pp. 67–88.
71.
GossJ. (1996) Disquiet on the waterfront: reflections on nostalgia and utopia in the urban archetypes of festival marketplaces, Urban Geography, 17, pp. 221–247.
72.
GothamK. F. (2001) A city without slums: urban renewal, public housing, and downtown revitalization in Kansas City, Missouri, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 60, pp. 285–316.
73.
GottdienerM. (1987) The Decline of Urban Politics: Political Theory and the Crisis of the Local State. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
74.
GrahamS.MarvinS. (2001) Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. Oxford: Blackwell.
75.
HackworthJ. (2007) The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
76.
HallT.HubbardP. (1996) The entrepreneurial city: new urban politics, new urban geographies, Progress in Human Geography, 20, pp. 153–174.
77.
HallS. (2003) New Labour’s double shuffle, Soundings, 24, pp. 10–24.
78.
HanniganJ. (1998) Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. New York: Routledge.
79.
HardingA. (1999) Review article: North American urban political economy, urban theory and British research, British Journal of Political Science, 29, pp. 673–698.
80.
HardtM.NegriA. (2009) Commonwealth. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of University of Harvard Press.
81.
HarveyD. (1989) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism, Geografiska Annaler, 71B, pp. 3–17.
82.
HarveyD. (2000) Spaces of Hope. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
83.
HarveyD. (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
84.
HarveyD. (2008) The right to the city, New Left Review, 53, pp. 23–40.
85.
HelmsG. (2008) Towards Safe City Centres? Re-making the Spaces of a Post-industrial City. Aldershot: Ashgate.
86.
HerbertS.BrownE. (2006) Conceptions of space and crime in the punitive neoliberal city, Antipode, 38, pp. 755–777.
87.
HubbardP.HallT. (1998) The entrepreneurial city and the ‘new urban politics’, in: HallT.HubbardP. (Eds) The Entrepreneurial City: Geographies of Politics, Regime and Representation, pp. 199–202. Chichester: Wiley.
88.
HunterF. (1953) Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
89.
HutchinsonS. (2000) Waiting for the bus, Social Text, 18, pp. 107–120.
90.
ImrieR.ThomasH. (1995) Urban policy processes and the politics of urban regeneration, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, pp. 479–494.
91.
IsenbergA. (2004) Downtown America: A History of the Place and the People Who Made it. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
92.
IvesonK. (2007) Publics and the City. Oxford: Blackwell.
93.
JacksonK, (1985) Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
94.
JessopB. (1997) The entrepreneurial city: re-imagining localities, redesigning economic governance, or restructuring capital?, in: JewsonN.MacGregorS. (Eds) Transforming Cities: Contested Governance and New Spatial Divisions, pp. 28–41. London: Routledge.
95.
JessopB. (2008) State Power. Cambridge: Polity.
96.
JonasA.WilsonD. (1999) The city as a growth machine: critical reflections two decades later, in: JonasA.WilsonD. (Eds) The Urban Growth Machine: Critical Perspectives Two Decades Later, pp. 3–20. Albany, NY: State University Press of New York.
97.
JonasA.WhileA.GibbsD. (2010) Managing infrastructural and service demands in new economic spaces: the new territorial politics of collective provision, Regional Studies, 44, pp. 183–200.
98.
JonesM. (1997) Spatial selectivity of the state? The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance, Environment and Planning A, 29, pp. 831–864.
99.
JuddD. (1999) Constructung the tourist bubble, in: JuddD.FainsteinS. (Eds) The Tourist City, pp. 35–53. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
100.
JuddD. (2005) Everything is always going to hell: urban scholars as end-times prophets, Urban Affairs Review, 41, pp. 119–135.
101.
JuddD.SwanstromT. (2006) City Politics: The Political Economy of Urban America. New York: Pearson Longman.
102.
KeilR. (2002) ‘Common sense’ neoliberalism: progressive conservative urbanism in Toronto, Canada, Antipode, 34, pp. 578–601.
103.
KeilR. (2009) The urban politics of roll-with-it neoliberalization, City, 13, pp. 230–245.
104.
KnoxP. (2008) Metroburbia, USA. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
105.
KohnM. (2004) Brave New Neighborhoods: The Privatization of Public Space. New York: Routledge.
106.
KooyM.BakkerK. (2008) Splintered networks: the colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta, Geoforum, 39, pp. 1843–1858.
107.
KowinskiW. S. (1985) The Malling of America: An Inside Look at the Great Consumer Paradise. New York: William Morrow and Co.
108.
LangR.LeFurgyJ. (2007) Boomburbs: The Rise of America’s Accidental Cities. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
109.
LangR.NelsonA. (2007) Boomburb politics and the rise of private government, Housing Policy Debate, 18, pp. 627–634.
110.
LauriaM. (Ed.) (1997) Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory: Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
111.
LeitnerH. (1990) Cities in pursuit of economic growth: the local state as entrepreneur, Political Geography Quarterly, 9(2), 146–170.
112.
LevineM. (1987) Downtown redevelopment as an urban growth strategy: a critical appraisal of the Baltimore renaissance, Journal of Urban Affairs, 9, pp. 103–123.
113.
LittleJ.PeakeL.RichardsonP. (Eds) (1988) Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment. New York: New York University Press.
114.
LoganJ.MolotchH. (1987) Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
115.
LowS. (2003) Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. New York: Routledge.
116.
LoweM. (2000) Britain’s regional shopping centres: new urban forms?, Urban Studies, 37, pp. 261–274.
117.
MacDonaldH. (1996) BIDs really work, City Journal, 6(2), pp. 29–42.
118.
MacLeodG. (1999) Entrepreneurial spaces, hegemony and state strategy: the political shaping of privatism in Lowland Scotland, Environment and Planning A, 31, pp. 345–375.
119.
MacLeodG. (2002) From urban entrepreneurialism to a revanchist city? On the spatial injustices of Glasgow’s renaissance, Antipode, 34, pp. 602–624.
120.
MacLeodG.GoodwinM. (1999) Space, scale and state strategy: rethinking urban and regional governance, Progress in Human Geography, 23, pp. 503–527.
121.
MacLeodG.JohnstoneC. (2011) Stretching urban renaissance: privatizing space, civilizing place, summoning ‘community’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (forthcoming).
122.
MacLeodG.JonesM. (2007) Territorial, scalar, networked, connected: in what sense a ‘regional world’?, Regional Studies, 41, pp. 1177–1191.
123.
MacLeodG.JonesM. (2011) Renewing urban politics, Urban Studies, 48(12), pp. 2443–2472.
124.
MallettW. (1994) Managing the post-industrial city: business improvement districts in the United States, Area, 26, pp. 276–287.
125.
MartinD. (2004a) Nonprofit foundations and grassroots organizing: reshaping urban governance, The Professional Geographer, 56(3), pp. 394–405.
126.
MartinD. (2004b) Reconstructing urban politics: neighborhood activism in land-use change, Urban Affairs Review, 39, pp. 589–612.
127.
MasottiL.LineberryR. (Eds) (1976) Toward a New Urban Politics. Cambridge, MA: Wiley.
128.
MayerM. (1994) Post-Fordist city politics, in: AminA. (Ed.) Post-Fordism: A Reader, pp. 316–337. Oxford: Blackwell.
129.
McCannE.WardK. (2010) Relationality/territoriality: toward a conceptualization of cities in the world, Geoforum, 41, pp. 175–184.
130.
McFarlaneC. (2009) Translocal assemblages: space, power and social movements, Geoforum, 40, pp. 561–567.
131.
McFarlaneC.RutherfordJ. (2008) Political infrastructures: governing and experiencing the fabric of the city, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, pp. 363–374.
132.
McGuirkP. (2003) Producing the capacity to govern in global Sydney: a multiscaled account, Journal of Urban Affairs, 25, pp. 201–223.
133.
McGuirkP.DowlingR. (2009) Neoliberal privatisation? Remapping the public and the private in Sydney’s masterplanned residential estates, Political Geography, 28, pp. 174–185.
134.
McGuirkP.DowlingR. (2011) Governing social reproduction in masterplanned estates: urban politics and everyday life in Sydney, Urban Studies, 48(12), pp. 2611–2628.
135.
McKenzieE. (1994) Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
136.
McKenzieE. (2005) Constructing the Pomerium in Las Vegas: a case study of emerging trends in American gated communities, Housing Studies, 20, pp. 187–203.
137.
McKenzieE. (2006) The dynamics of privatopia: private residential governance in the USA, in: GlaszeG.WebsterC.FrantzK. (Eds) Private Cities, pp. 9–30. London: Routledge.
138.
MintonA. (2009) Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the Twenty-first-century City. London: Penguin.
139.
MitchellD. (2003) The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: Guilford Press.
140.
MolotchH. (1976) The city as growth machine: toward a political economy of place, American Journal of Sociology, 82, pp. 309–332.
141.
MouffeC. (2005) On the Political. London: Routledge.
142.
MurrayM. (2008) Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg after Apartheid. Cape Town: CTP Cornell University Press.
143.
NichollsW. (2011) The Los Angeles School: difference, politics, city, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(1), pp. 189–206.
144.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2007) Competitive Cities: A New Entrepreneurial Paradigm in Spatial Development. Paris: OECD.
145.
PaddisonR. (1993) City marketing, image reconstruction and urban regeneration, Urban Studies, 30, pp. 339–350.
146.
PaddisonR. (2009) Some reflections on the limitations to public participation in the post-political city, L’Espace Politique, 8(2), pp. 2–14 (http://espacepolitique.revues.org/index1393.html).
147.
PeakeL. (1997) Toward a social geography of the city: race and dimensions of urban poverty in women’s lives, Journal of Urban Affairs, 19, pp. 335–361.
148.
PeckJ. (1995) Moving and shaking: business elites, state localism and urban privatism, Progress in Human Geography, 19, pp. 16–46.
149.
PeckJ. (2006) Liberating the city: between New York and New Orleans, Urban Geography, 27, pp. 681–713.
150.
PeckJ.TickellA. (1995) Business goes local: dissecting the business agenda in Manchester, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19(1), pp. 55–78.
151.
PeckJ.TickellA. (2002) Neoliberalizing space, Antipode, 34, pp. 380–404.
152.
PeckJ.TheodoreN.BrennerN. (2010) Postneoliberalism and its malcontents, Antipode, 41, pp. 94–116.
153.
PetersonP. (1981) City Limits. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
154.
PhelpsN.WoodA. (2011) The new post-suburban politics?, Urban Studies, 48(12), pp. 2591–2610.
155.
PhelpsN.WoodA.VallerD. (2010) A post-suburban world? An outline of a research agenda, Environment and Planning A, 42, pp. 366–383.
156.
PileS. (1999) What is a city?, in: MasseyD.AllenJ.PileS. (Eds) City Worlds, pp. 3–52. London: Routledge.
157.
PorterL.ShawK. (Eds) (2009) Whose Urban Renaissance? An International Comparison of Urban Regeneration Policies. London: Routledge.
158.
PurcellM. (2001) Metropolitan political reorganization as a politics of urban growth: the case of San Fernando Valley secession, Political Geography, 20, pp. 613–633.
159.
PurcellM. (2008) Recapturing Democracy: Neoliberalization and the Struggle for Alternative Urban Futures. New York: Routledge.
160.
QuilleyS. (2000) Manchester first: from municipal socialism to the entrepreneurial city, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, pp. 601–615.
161.
RancièreJ. (1994) Post-democracy, politics and philosophy: an interview with Jacques Rancière, Angelaki, 1, pp. 171–178.
162.
RancièreJ. (2001) Ten theses on politics, Theory and Event, 5(3), pp. 17–34.
163.
Ribera-FumazR. (2009) From urban political economy to cultural political economy: rethinking culture and economy in and beyond the urban, Progress in Human Geography, 33, pp. 447–465.
164.
RobertsonK. (1995) Downtown redevelopment strategies in the United States: an end-of-the-century assessment, Journal of the American Planning Association, 61, pp. 429–437.
165.
RobinsS. (2002) At the limits of spatial governmentality: a message from the tip of Africa, Third World Quarterly, 23, pp. 665–689.
166.
RogersP.CoaffeeJ. (2005) Moral panics and urban renaissance, City, 9, pp. 321–340.
167.
RoyA. (2005) Urban informality: toward an epistemology of planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 71, pp. 147–158.
168.
RoyA. (2009) The 21st-century metropolis: new geographies of theory, Regional Studies, 43, pp. 819–830.
169.
SaundersP. (1986) Social Theory and the Urban Question, 2nd edn.London: Hutchinson.
170.
SavageM.WardeA.WardK. (2003) Urban Sociology, Capitalism, and Modernity. London: Macmillan.
171.
ShortJ.HanlonB.VicinoT. (2007) The decline of inner suburbs: the new suburban gothic in the United States, Geography Compass, 1, pp. 641–656.
172.
SidawayJ. (2007) Enclave space: a new metageography of development?, Area, 39, pp. 333–339.
173.
SmithN. (1996) The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.
174.
SojaE. (2000) Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions. Oxford: Blackwell.
175.
StaeheliL.MitchellD. (2008) The People’s Property: Power, Politics and the Public. New York: Routledge.
176.
StaeheliL.NagelC. (1997) Farm laborers and the ‘new urban politics’: bridging the urban–rural divide, Urban Geography, 18, pp. 667–683.
177.
StokerG. (1995) Regime theory and urban politics, in: JudgeD.StokerG.WolmanH. (Eds) Theories of Urban Politics, pp. 54–71. London: Sage.
178.
StoneC. (1989) Regime Politics: The Governing of Atlanta 1946–1988. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
179.
StoneC. (1993) Urban regimes and the capacity to govern: a political economy approach, Journal of Urban Affairs, 15, pp. 1–28.
180.
StoneC. (2005) Looking back to look forward: reflections on urban regime analysis, Urban Affairs Review, 40, pp. 309–341.
181.
StromE. (2008) Rethinking the politics of downtown development, Journal of Urban Affairs, 30, pp. 37–61.
182.
SwyngedouwE. (2005) Governance innovation and the citizen: the Janus face of governance-beyond-the-state, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 1991–2006.
183.
SwyngedouwE. (2009) The antinomies of the postpolitical city: in search of a democratic politics of environmental production, International Journal of Urban and Regional Studies, 33, pp. 601–620.
184.
SwyngedouwE. (2010) Post-democratic cities for whom and for what?Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association Annual Conference, Pecs, Hungary, May.
185.
SwyngedouwE. (2011) Designing the Post-political City and the Insurgent Polis. London: Bedford Press.
186.
TeafordJ. C. (1997) Post-Suburbia: Government and Politics in the Edge Cities. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
187.
TurnerR. (2002) The politics of design and development in the postmodern downtown, Journal of Urban Affairs, 24, pp. 533–548.
188.
UitermarkJ.DuyvendakJ. W. (2008) Civilising the city: populism and revanchist urbanism in Rotterdam, Urban Studies, 45, pp. 1485–1503.
189.
UN-HABITAT (2008) State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Divide. London: Earthscan.
190.
ValloneP. F.BermanH. E. (1995) Cities within cities: business improvement districts and the emergence of the micropolis. Staff report, New York City Council, November.
191.
VigarG.GrahamS.HealeyP. (2005) In search of the city in spatial strategies: past legacies, future imaginings, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 1391–1410.
192.
WacquantL. (2008) Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge: Polity.
193.
WacquantL. (2009) Punishing the Poor: The New Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
194.
WalkerR. (1981) A theory of suburbanization: capitalism and the construction of urban space in the US, in: DearM.ScottA. (Eds) Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Societies, pp. 383–429. London: Meuthen.
195.
WardK. (2007) ‘Creating a personality for downtown’: business improvement districts in Milwaukee, Urban Geography, 28, pp. 781–808.
196.
WardK. (2009) Urban political economy, ‘new urban politics’ and the media: insights and limits, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, pp. 233–236.
197.
WardK. (2010) Entrepreneurial urbanism and business improvement districts in the state of Wisconsin: a cosmopolitan critique, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, pp. 1177–1196.
198.
WeberR. (2002) Extracting value from the city: neoliberalism and urban redevelopment, Antipode, 34, pp. 519–540.
199.
WebsterC.GlaszeG.FrantzK. (2002) The global spread of gated communities, Environment and Planning B, 29, pp. 315–320.
200.
WilsonD. (2004) Towards a contingent urban neoliberalism, Urban Geography, 25, pp. 771–783.
201.
WilsonD.KeilR. (2008) The real creative class, Social and Cultural Geography, 9, pp. 841–847.
202.
WoodA. (1996) Analysing the politics of local economic development: making sense of cross-national convergence, Urban Studies, 33, pp. 1281–1295.
203.
WoodA. (1999) Making sense of urban entrepreneurialism, Scottish Geographical Journal, 114, pp. 120–123.
204.
WoodA. (2004) Domesticating urban theory? US concepts, British cities and the limits of cross-national applications, Urban Studies, 41(11), pp. 2103–2118.
205.
YoungD.KeilR. (2010) Reconnecting the disconnected: the politics of infrastructure in the in-between city, Cities, 27, pp. 87–95.
206.
ZimmermanJ. (2008) From brew town to cool town: neoliberalism and the creative city development strategy in Milwaukee, Cities, 25, pp. 230–242.
207.
ŽižekS. (1999) The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London: Verso.
