New Zealand's engagement with neo-liberalism since the mid 1980s has resulted in a profound transformation of its economy and society. As part of this process, new urban governance structures aligned with more entrepreneurial state activities have helped to fashion a dramatic revalorisation of inner-city areas. Under supportive planning conditions, considerable inflows of real estate capital have produced a set of spatially distinct and socially polarised residential outcomes. This paper reviews the nature of urban change in New Zealand under neo-liberalism and, in particular, examines the character of waterfront development in Auckland. It is argued that the creation of Viaduct Harbour represents third-wave, new-build gentrification. The `celebration' of this form of waterfront development holds significant implications for the future evolution of gentrification in New Zealand.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ARC and ACC (Auckland Regional Council and Auckland City Council) (2005) Auckland waterfront vision 2040. ARC and ACC, Auckland.
2.
Austin, P. and Whitehead, C. (1998) Auckland: cappuccino city?, Urban Policy and Research, 16, pp. 233-240.
Boddy, M. (2007) Designer neighbourhoods: new-build residential development in non-metropolitan UK cities-the case of Bristol, Environment and Planning A, 39, pp. 86-105.
5.
Boston, J., Dalziel, P. and St John, S. (1999) Redesigning the Welfare State in New Zealand. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6.
Britton, S., Le Heron, R. and Pawson, E. (1992) Changing Places in New Zealand: A Geography of Restructuring. Christchurch: New Zealand Geographical Society.
7.
Bush, G. (1971) Decently and in Order: The Government of the City of Auckland 1840-1971. Auckland: Collins.
8.
Bush, G. (1991) Advance in order: the Auckland City Council from centenary to reorganisation 1971-1989. Auckland City Council .
9.
Caulfield, J. (1994) City Form and Everyday Life: Toronto's Gentrification and Critical Social Practice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
10.
Collins, F. (2006) Making Asian students, making students Asian: the racialisation of export education in Auckland, New Zealand, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47(2), pp. 217-234.
11.
Davidson, M. (2007) Gentrification as global habitat: a process of class formation or corporate creation?, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32, pp. 490-506.
12.
Davidson, M. and Lees, L. (2005) New-build `gentrification' and London's riverside renaissance, Environment and Planning A, 37, pp. 1165-1190.
13.
Dixon, J., Ericksen, N., Crawford, J. and Berke, P. (1997) Planning under a co-operative mandate: new plans for New Zealand, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 40(5), pp. 603-614.
14.
DTZ (2007) The future of home ownership and the role of the private rental market in the Auckland region . Report prepared for the Centre for Housing Research Aotearoa, New Zealand.
15.
Friesen, W. (1994) Demographic and socio-economic evolution of Auckland's inner city, in: L. Hawke (Ed.) Inaugural Joint Conference New Zealand Geographical Society and Institute ofAustralian Geographers Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 234-244. Department of Geography, Auckland University .
16.
Gleeson, B.J. and Grundy, K.J. (1997) New Zealand's planning revolution five years on: a preliminary assessment, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 40(3), pp. 293-313.
17.
Gotham, K. (2005) Tourism gentrification: the case of New Orleans' Vieux Carre (French Quarter), Urban Studies, 42(7), pp. 1099-1121.
18.
Grundy, K.J. and Gleeson, B.J. (1996) Sustainable management and the market, Land Use Policy, 13(3), pp. 197-211.
19.
Hackworth, J. (2002) Post recession gentrification in New York City , Urban Affairs Review, 37, pp. 815-843.
20.
Hackworth, J. (2007) The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology and Development in American Urbanism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
21.
Hackworth, J. and Smith, N. (2001) The changing state of gentrification, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 22, pp. 464-477.
22.
Hamnett, C. (1991) The blind man and the elephant: the explanation of gentrification, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16, pp. 173-189.
23.
Hamnett, C. and Whitelegg, D. (2007) Loft conversion and gentrification in London: from industrial to postindustrial land use, Environment and Planning A, 39, pp. 106-124.
24.
Heslop, V., Lysnar, P., Dixon, J. et al. (2004) Living the highlife? A review of apartment living in inner city Auckland. Prepared for the Building Industry Authority, Uniservices, University of Auckland.
25.
Johns, G. (1999) Highliving,Metro,212(February), pp. 48-53.
26.
Kelsey, J. (1995) The New Zealand Experiment: A World Model for Structural Adjustment?Auckland: Auckland University Press with Bridget Williams Books.
27.
Larner, W. and Craig, D. (2005) After neoliberal-ism? Community activism and local partnerships in Aotearoa New Zealand, Antipode, 37(3), pp. 402-424.
28.
Larner, W., Molloy, M. and Goodrum, A. (2007) Globalization, cultural economy and not-so-global cities: the New Zealand designer fashion industry, Environment and Planning D, 25, pp. 381-400.
29.
Latham, A. (2003a) Research, performance, and doing human geography: some reflections on the diary-photograph, diary-interview method, Environment and Planning A, 35, pp. 1993-2017.
30.
Latham, A. (2003b) Urbanity, lifestyle and making sense of the new urban cultural economy: notes from Auckland, New Zealand, Urban Studies, 40, pp. 1699-1724.
31.
Lees, L. (2000) A re-appraisal of gentrification: towards a geography of gentrification, Progress in Human Geography, 24, pp. 389-408.
32.
Lees, L. and Berg, L. (1995) Ponga, glass and concrete: a vision for urban socio-cultural geography in Aotearoa/New Zealand, New Zealand Geographer , 51(2), pp. 32-41.
33.
Lees, L., Slater, T. and Wyly, E. (2008) Gentrification. London: Routledge.
34.
Le Heron, R. and McDermott, P. (2001) Rethinking Auckland: local response to global challenges , in: D. Felsenstein and M. Taylor (Eds) Promoting Local Growth: Processes, Practice and Policy, pp. 365-386. Aldershot: Ashgate.
35.
Le Heron, R. and Pawson, E. (Eds) (1996) Changing Places: New Zealand in the Nineties. Auckland: Longman .
36.
Lewis, N., Larner, W. and Le Heron, R. (2008) The New Zealand designer fashion industry: making industries and co-constituting political projects, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33, pp. 42-59.
37.
Ley, D. (1996) The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38.
Memon, A., Davies, T.G. and Fookes, T. (2007) Institutional arrangements for metropolitan government and strategic planning in Auckland, New Zealand Geographer , 63, pp. 43-54.
39.
Moricz, Z. and Murphy, L. (1997) Space traders: re-regulation, property companies and Auckland's office market, 1975-1994, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(2), pp. 165-179.
40.
Morrison, P. and McMurray, S. (1999) The inner city apartment versus the suburb: housing sub-markets in a New Zealand city, Urban Studies, 35, pp. 377-397.
41.
Murphy, L. (1996) Gambling on casinos, in: R. Le Heron and E. Pawson (Eds) Changing Places: New Zealand in the Nineties, pp. 343-344. Auckland : Longman.
42.
Murphy, L. (2000) A profitable housing policy? The privatization of the New Zealand government's residential mortgage portfolio, Regional Studies, 34(4), pp. 395-399.
43.
Murphy, L. (2003a) Reasserting the `social' in social rented housing: politics, housing policy and housing reforms in New Zealand, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(1), pp. 90-101.
44.
Murphy, L. (2003b) Remaking the city: property processes, planning and the local entrepreneurial state, in: A. MacLaran (Ed.) Making Space: Property Development and Urban Planning, pp. 172-193. London: Edward Arnold .
45.
Murphy, L. and Kearns, R.A. (1994) Privatisation by stealth: Housing New Zealand Ltd , Environment and Planning A, 26, pp. 623-637.
46.
Page, S. (1993) Urban tourism in New Zealand: the National Museum of New Zealand project, Tourism Management, June, pp. 211-217.
47.
Page, S. (1996) Wellington's waterfront, in: R. Le Heron and E. Pawson (Eds) Changing Places: New Zealand in the Nineties, pp. 341-343. Auckland: Longman.
48.
Page, S. (2002) Visitor safety in urban toursm environments: the case of Auckland, New Zealand, Cities, 19(4), pp. 273-282.
49.
Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (2002) Neoliberalizing space, Antipode , 34(3), pp. 380-404.
50.
Smith, N. (1996) The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge .
51.
Smith, N. (2002) New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy, Antipode, 34, pp. 427-450.
52.
TelferYoung (2007) Wellington newsletter: commentary on the residential, apartment and commercial market in Wellington. September (http://www.telferyoung.com/news/wellington/ty1191983912.html; accessed 25 February 2008).
53.
Tourism New Zealand (2003) The ubërwealthy sail in on their superyachts (http://www.newzealand.com/travel/sights-activities/events-calendar/americas-cup-feature/related-topics-events/superyachts.cfm; accessed 16 June 2008).
