Under today's conditions, the conventional pattern of school governance is no longer suitable. Political realities should be recognized and a school commissioner should be responsible to the mayor.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ALDRICH, H. E. (1979) Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
ALDRICH, H. E. and J. PFEFFER (1976) "Environments and organizations."Annual Rev. of Sociology12: 79-105.
3.
ARNEZ, N. L. (1981) The Besieged School Superintendent. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
4.
BACHARACH, S. B. (1981) "Organizational and political dimensions for research on school district governance," in S. B. Bacharach (ed.) Organizational Behavior in Schools and School Districts. New York: Praeger.
5.
BACHARACH, S. B. and E. J. LAWLER (1980) Power, Coalitions and Bargaining. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6.
BARNARD, C. (1938) The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
7.
BELL, D. A. (1984) "The remedy in Brown is effective schooling for black children."Social Policy15 (Fall): 8-15.
8.
BERGER, R. (1977) Government by Judiciary. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
9.
BIDWELL, C. E. (1965) "The school as a formal organization," in J. G. March (ed.) Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
10.
BIDWELL, C. E. (1979) "The school as a formal organization: some new thoughts," in G. L. Immigart and W. L. Boyd (eds.) Problem Finding in Educational Administration. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
11.
BOYD, W. L. (1975) Community Status and Conflict in Suburban School Politics. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
12.
BOYD, W. L. (1976) "The public, the professionals and educational policy making: who governs?"Teachers College Record77 (May): 539-577.
13.
BOYD, W. L. (1983) "Rethinking educational policy and management: political science and educational administration in the 1980's."Amer. J. of Education (November): 1-29.
14.
CALLAHAN, R. (1962) Education and the Cult of Efficiency. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
15.
CHARTERS, W. W. (1953) "Social class analysis and the control of public education."Harvard Educ. Rev.23 (Fall): 268-283.
16.
CISTONE, P. J. [ed.] (1975) Understanding School Boards. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
17.
CHARTERS, W. W. (1977) "The ecological basis of school board member recruitment."Education and Urban Society6: 428-450.
18.
COHEN, M. D. , J. G. MARCH, and J. OLSEN (1972) "A garbage can model of organizational choice."Admin. Science Q.17: 1-25.
19.
COUNTS, G. (1937) The Social Composition of School Boards. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
20.
CRONIN, J. (1973) The Control of Urban Schools. New York: Praeger.
21.
CUBAN, L. (1976) Urban School Chiefs Under Fire. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. CYERT, R. and J. G. MARCH (1963) A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
22.
D'AGOSTINO, J. J. (1983) "Urban school management practice: a case study of an urban superintendent's first year." Ed.D. Analytic Paper, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
23.
DAHL, R. (1961) Who Governs. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
24.
DAHLBERT, J. (1966) The New York Bureau of Municipal Research. New York: New York Univ. Press.
25.
DRACHLER, N. (1977) "Education and politics in large cities," in J. D. Scribner (ed.) The Politics of Education. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
26.
ELIOT, T. H. (1959) "Toward an understanding of public school politics."Amer. Pol. Science Rev. 52: 1032-1051.
27.
EMERY, F. E. and E. L. TRIST (1965) "The causal texture of organizational environments."Human Relations18 (February): 21-32.
28.
FANTINI, M. and M. GITTELL (1973) Decentralization: Achieving Reform. New York: Praeger.
29.
FANTINI, M. and R. MAGAT (1970) Community Control and the Urban School. New York: Praeger.
30.
FINN, C. E. (1984) "The roots of reform."Social Policy15 (Fall): 16-17.
31.
GOODLAD, J. I. (1978) "Educational leadership: toward the third era."Educ. Leadership35 (January): 322-331.
32.
GRIMSHAW, W. J. (1979) Union Rule in the Schools. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
33.
GULICK, L. and L. URWICK [eds.] (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration. New York: Institute of Public Administration.
34.
HANNON, M. and J. FREEMAN (1977) "The population ecology of organizations."Amer. J. of Sociology82 (March): 929-964.
35.
HERRICK, M. (1971) The Chicago Schools: A Social and Political History. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
36.
HOOGENBLOOM, A. (1961) Outlawing the Spoils. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
37.
HOROWITZ, D. (1977) The Courts and Social Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
38.
IANNACCONE, L. and F. LUTZ (1970) Politics, Power and Policy. Columbus, OH: Charles Merrill.
39.
JACOBS, D. (1974) "Dependency and vulnerability."Admin. Science Q. 19 (March): 45-59.
40.
KATZ, D. and R. L. KAHN (1978) The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
41.
KERR, N. D. (1964) "The school board as an agency of legitimization."Sociology of Education38 (Autumn): 34-59.
42.
KIMBROUGH, R. (1964) Political Power and Educational Decision-Making. Chicago: Rand McNally.
43.
LAWRENCE, P. and J. LORSCH (1967) Organization and Environment. Home-wood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
44.
LaNOUE, G. and B. SMITH (1973) The Politics of School Decentralization. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
45.
LONG, N. (1958) "The local community as an ecology of games."Amer. J. of Sociology64: 251-261.
46.
MARCH, J. G. (1978) "American public school administration: a short analysis."School Rev. 86 (February): 217-245.
47.
MARCH, J. G. and H. SIMON (1958) Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
48.
MASTERS, N.et al. (1964) State Politics and the Public Schools. New York: Knopf.
49.
McCARTY, D. J. and C. E. RAMSEY (1971) The School Managers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
50.
McCORRY, J. J. (1978) Marcus Foster and the Oakland Public Schools. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
51.
MERROW, J. , R. FOSTER, and N. ESTES (1974) The Urban School Superintendent of the Future. Durant, OK: Southeastern Foundation.
52.
MEYER, M.et al. (1978) Environments and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53.
MINAR, D. W. (1966) "The community basis of conflict in school system politics."Amer. Soc. Rev. 31: 822-834.
54.
MOSHER, E. (1975) "The school board in the family of governments," in P. Cistone (ed.) Understanding School Boards. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
55.
MURPHY, J. (1974) State Education Agencies and Discretionary Funds. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
56.
O'TOOLE, L. J. (1984) "American public administration and the idea of reform."Administration and Society16 (August): 141-166.
57.
PERROW, C. (1961) "The analysis of goals in complex organizations."Amer. Soc. Rev. 26 (December): 854-865.
58.
PETERS, T. J. and R. WATERMAN (1982) In Search of Excellence. New York: Harper & Row.
59.
PETERSON, P. E. (1976) School Politics Chicago Style. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
60.
PFEFFER, J. and G. SALANCIK (1978) The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
61.
POLSBY, N. W. (1963) Community Power and Political Theory. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
62.
RABIN, J. and J. S. BOWMAN [eds.] (1984) Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration. New York: Marcel Dekker.
63.
RAVITCH, D. (1974) The Great School Wars. New York: Basic Books.
64.
RAVITCH, D.1983) The Troubled Crusade. New York: Basic Books.
65.
REBELL, M. and A. BLOCK (1982) Educational Policy Making and the Courts. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
66.
ROGERS, D. (1968) 110 Livingston Street. New York: Random House.
67.
ROSENTHAL, A. (1969) Pedagoges and Power. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press.
68.
SALISBURY, R. H. (1967) "Schools and politics in the big city."Harvard Educ. Rev. 67 (Summer): 408-424.
69.
SALOMONE, R. C. (1986) Equal Education Under Law. New York: St. Martin's Press.
70.
SAYRE, W. and H. KAUFMAN (1960) Governing New York City. New York: Russell Sage.
71.
SCOTT, H. J. (1980) The Black School Superintendent. Washington, DC: Howard Univ. Press.
72.
SELZNICK, P. (1957) Leadership in Administration. New York: Harper & Row.
73.
SERGIOVANNI, T. J. (1984) "Leadership and excellence in schooling."Educ. Leadership (February): 5-13.
74.
SERGIOVANNI, T. J. and F. D. CARVER (1980) The New School Executive. New York: Harper & Row.
75.
SIMON, H. (1945) Administrative Behavior. New York: Collier-Macmillan.
76.
STREET, D. (1967) "Public education and social welfare in the metropolis," in M. Zald (ed.) Organizing for Community Welfare. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
77.
TERREBERRY, S. (1968) "The evolution of organization environments."Admin. Science Q. 12 (March): 590-613.
78.
THOMPSON, J. D. (1967) Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
79.
THOMPSON, J. D. and W. J. McEWEN (1958) "Organizational goals and environment."Amer. Soc. Rev. 23 (February): 23-31.
80.
THOMPSON, J. D. and A. TUDEN (1959) "Strategies, structures and processes of organizational decision," in J. D. Thompson et al., Comparative Studies in Administration. Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
81.
TYACK, D. (1974) The One Best System. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
82.
TYACK, D. and E. HANSOT (1982) Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820-1980. New York: Basic Books.
83.
VAN RIPER, P. (1958) History of the United States Civil Service. New York: Row Peterson.
84.
VIDISH, A. and C. McREYNOLDS (1971) "Rhetoric vs. reality: a study of New York City high school principals," in M. Was, S. Diamond, and F. Gearing (eds.) Anthropological Perspectives in Education. New York: Basic Books.
85.
VITERITTI, J. P. (1979) Bureaucracy and Social Justice. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
86.
RAVITCH, D. (1983) Across the River: Politics and Education in the City. New York: Holmes and Meier.
87.
RAVITCH, D. (1984a) "Public organization environments: constituents, clients and the problem of governance." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 2.
88.
RAVITCH, D. (1984b) "Agenda setting: when politics and pedagogy meet."Social Policy15 (Fall): 2-5.
89.
WEICK, K. E. (1976) "Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems."Admin. Science Q. 21 (March): 1-19.
90.
WEICK, K. E. (1982) "Administering education in loosely coupled schools."Phi Delta Kappan27 (June): 673-676.
91.
WILSON, J. Q. [ed.] (1980) "The politics of regulation," in J. Q. Wilson (ed.) The Politics of Regulation. New York: Basic Books.
92.
WILSON, W. (1887) "The study of public administration."Pol. Science Q. 2 (June): 197-222.
93.
WIRT, F. M. and M. W. KIRST (1982) Schools in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
94.
ZIEGLER, L. H. and M. K. JENNINGS (1974) Governing American Schools. North Scituate, MA: Durbury Press.
