There are limits to the "more effective schools" research. "Teaching to the test" may, paradoxically, result in attenuated education.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AUSTIN, G. R. (1981) "Exemplary schools and their identification."New Directions for Testing and Measurement10: 31-48.
2.
BENJAMIN, R. (1980a) "Laying it on the line."Amer. Education (October): 6-10.
3.
BENJAMIN, R. (1980b) "Toward effective urban schools: a national study," in The Journalism Research Fellows Report: What Makes An Effective School? Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership.
4.
BORKOW, N. (1982) Analysis of Test Score Trends: Implications for Secondary School Policy-A Caution to Secondary School Administrators. Washington DC: National Institute of Education.
5.
BROOKOVER, W. B. and L. W. LEZOTTE (1979) Changes in School Characteristics Coincident with Changes in Student Achievement (ED 181 005). East Lansing, MI: Institute for Research on Teaching, Michigan State University.
6.
CLARK, K. B. (1965) Dark Ghetto. New York: Harper & Row.
7.
COLEMAN, J. S. , E. Q. CAMPBELL, C. J. HOBSON, J. McPARTLAND, A. M. MOOD, F. D. WEINFIELD and R. L. YORK, (1966) Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
8.
CUBAN, L. (1983) "Effective schools: a friendly but cautionary note."Phi Delta Kappan64: 695-696.
9.
DARLING-HAMMOND, L. (1983). "The seduction of central office administrators by effective schools research." Presented to the D.C. Superintendent's Roundtable Seminar, sponsored by the Institute for Educational Leadership.
10.
DYER, H. S. , R. LINN and M. PATTON, (1969) "A comparison of four methods of obtaining discrepancy measures based on observed and predicted school system means on achievement tests."Amer. Educational Research J.6: 591-605.
11.
ECHTERNACHT, G. (1977) "A companion study," in the appendix to On Further Examination: Report of the Advisory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
12.
EDMONDS, R. R. (1981) A Report on the Research Project "Search for Effective Schools..." and Certain of the Designs for School Improvement that are Associated With the Project, 1974-1981. Lansing: Michigan State University.
13.
EDMONDS, R. R. (1980, June) "Developing effective schools." Presented at the Year's End Conference sponsored by the New England Teacher Corps Network, Newton, MA.
14.
EDMONDS, R. R. (1979) "Effective schools for the urban poor."Educ. Leadership37: 15-24.
15.
EDMONDS, R. R. and J. R. FREDERIKSEN, (1979) Search for Effective Schools: The Identification and Analysis of City Schools that are Instructionally Effective for Poor Children (ED 170 396).
16.
ELLIS, A. B. (1975) Success and Failure: A Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Improving Elementary Reading in Massachusetts City Schools. Boston: Massachusetts Advisory Council on Education.
17.
FIRESTONE, W. A. and R. E. HERRIOTT, (1982) "Prescriptions for Effective Elementary Schools Don't Fit Secondary Schools."Educ. Leadership40: 51-53.
18.
FLIEGEL, S. (1971) "Practices that improved academic performance in an inner-city school."Phi Delta Kappan, 52: 341-343.
19.
FRAZIER, M. (1980) "Inner-city schools that work."Reader's Digest (June): 25 +..
20.
FREDERIKSEN, J. R. (n.d.) Models for Determining School Effectiveness. Report on research supported by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the National Institute of Education.
21.
FRUCHTER, N. (1981) "Can the link between class and achievement be cut?"In These Times (October 14-20): 13.
22.
GINSBURG, H. (1972) The Myth of the Deprived Child. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
23.
GLENN, B. C. (1981) What Works? An Examination of Effective Schools for Poor Black Children. Cambridge, MA: Center for Law and Education, Harvard University.
24.
GOOD, T. L. and D. A. GROUWS (1979) "The Missouri Mathematics Effectiveness Project: an experimental study in fourth-grade classrooms."J. of Educ. Psychology71: 355-362.
25.
HENTOFF, N. (1977) Does Anybody Give A Damn? New York: Knopf.
26.
HOOVER, M. R. (1978) "Characteristics of black schools at grade level: a description."Reading Teacher31: 757-762.
27.
JENCKS, C. S. , M. SMITH, H. ACLAND, M. J. BANE, D. COHEN, H. GINTIS, B. HEYNS, and S. MICHELSON (1972) Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America. New York: Harper & Row.
28.
JONES, B. F. and W. G. SPADY (1984) "Enhanced mastery learning and quality of instruction as keys to two-sigma results in schools," in D. U. Levine, (ed) Improving Student Achievement Through Mastery Learning Programs. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
29.
KEIN, M. H.et al. (1979) What Works in Reading? Summary and Results of a Joint School District/Federal Reserve Bank Empirical Study in Philadelphia (ED 176 216). Philadelphia: Office of Research and Evaluation, Philadelphia school district.
30.
KLITGAARD, R. E. (1975). "Going beyond the mean in educational evaluation."Public Policy23: 59-79.
31.
KLITGAARD, R. E. and G. R. HALL (1975) "Are there unusually effective schools?"J. of Human Resources10: 90-106.
32.
LABOV, W. (1969) The Logic of Non-Standard English. Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics (vol. 22). Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press.
33.
LEVINE D. U. and J. STARK (1981) Instructional and Organizational Arrangements and Processes for Improving Academic Achievement at Inner City Elementary Schools. Kansas City, Mo: School of Education, University of Missouri.
34.
LEZOTTE, L. W. (1981) "Search for and description of characteristics of effective elementary schools: Lansing public schools," in R. R. Edmonds A Report on the Research Project "Search for Effective Schools...". Lansing: Michigan State University.
35.
LONOFF, R. (1971) "Supervisory practices that promote academic achievement in a New York City school."Phi Delta Kappan52: 338-340.
36.
MADAUS, G. F. , P. W. AIRASIAN, and T. KELLAGHAN (1980) School Effectiveness: A Reassessment of the Evidence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
37.
MARCO, G. L. (1974) "A comparison of selected school effectiveness measures based on logitudinal data."J. of Educ. Measurement11: 225-234.
38.
Maryland State Department of Education (1978) Process Evaluation: A Comprehensive Study of Outliers (ED 160 644). Baltimore: Author.
39.
MAYESKE, G. W.et al. (1972). A Study of our Nation's Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Education.
40.
MEIER, D. (1984) " 'Getting Tough' in the schools."Dissent (Winter): 61-70.
41.
MEIER, D. (1981) "Why reading tests don't test reading."Dissent (Fall): 457-466.
42.
MOSTELLER, F. and D. P. MOYNIHAN [eds.] (1972) On Equality of Educational Opportunity. New York: Random House.
43.
NARVAEZ, A. A. (1984) "Parents' mops and paint save Newark school."New York Times Education Spring Survey (April 15): Section 12, p. 38.
44.
National Assessment of Educational Progress (1979) Changes in Mathematical Achievement, 1973-78: Results from the Second Assessment of Mathematics (09-MA-01). Washington, DC: Author.
45.
New York State Department of Education (1974a). Reading Achievement Related to Educational and Environmental Conditions in 12 New York City Elementary Schools. Albany, NY: Division of Education Evaluation.
46.
New York State Department of Education (1974b). School Factors Influencing Reading Achievement: A Case Study of Two Inner City Schools (ED 089 211). Albany, NY: Division of Education Evaluation.
47.
Phi Delta Kappa , (1980). Why Do Some Urban Schools Succeed? The Phi Delta Kappa Study of Exceptional Urban Elementary Schools (ED 194 660). Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.
48.
PURKEY, S. C. and M. S. SMITH (1983) "Effective schools: a review."Elementary School J.83: 427-452.
49.
RALPH, J. H. and J. FENNESSEY (1983) "Science or reform: some questions about the effective schools model."Phi Delta Kappan64: 689-694.
50.
RHINE, W. R. [ed.] (1981) Making Schools More Effective: New Directions from Follow-Through. New York: Academic.
51.
ROWAN, B. , S. T. BOSSERT and D. C. DWYER (1983) "Research on effective schools: a cautionary note."Educ. Researcher (April): 24-31.
52.
RUTTER, M. , B. MAUGHAM, P. MORTIMORE, and J. OUSTON (1979) Fifteen Thousand Hours. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
53.
RYAN, W. (1976) Blaming the Victim. New York: Vintage.
54.
SALGANIK, M. W. (1980) "Academic achievement in urban schools: what works in Baltimore," in The Journalism Research Fellows Report: What Makes an Effective School? Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership.
55.
SHOEMAKER, J. and H. W. FRASER (1981) "What principals can do: some implications from studies of effective schooling."Phi Delta Kappan62: 178-182.
56.
SILBERMAN, C. E. (1970). Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education. New York: Random House.
57.
SUMMERS, A. A. and B. L. WOLFE (1977) "Do Schools Make A Difference?"Amer. Economic Rev.67: 639-652.
58.
TALMAGE, H. and R. M. RIPPEY (1974). "Elementary school cases," in H. J. Walberg (1974). Evaluating Educational Performance. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
59.
THOMSON, S. and N. DELEONIBUS (1978) Guidelines for Improving SAT Scores. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
60.
TYLER, R. W. and S. H. WHITE (1979) Testing, Teaching, and Learning. Washington DC: National Institute of Education.
61.
VALENTINE, C. (1969) Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
62.
VENEZKY, R. L. and L. WINFIELD (1979) Schools That Succeed Beyond Expectations in Teaching Reading (ED 177 484). Newark, DE: Department of Educational Studies, University of Delaware.
63.
WEBER, G. (1971) Inner-City Children Can Be Taught to Read: Four Successful Schools. Washington, DC: Council for Basic Education.
64.
WELLISCH, J. B. , A. H. MacQUEEN, R. A. CARRIERE, and G. A. DUCK (1978) "School management and organization in successful schools."Sociology of Education51: 211-226.
