1. Ellwood P. Cubberly, Public Education in the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919), p. 150.

2. Ibid., p. 133.

3. Ibid., p. 149-150.

4. Ibid., p. 120.

5. Ibid., p. 106.

6. Ibid., p. 107.

7. See Carl F. Kaestle, The Evolution of an Urban School System: New York City, 1750-1850 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973); Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); Selwyn Troen, The Public and the Schools: Shaping the St. Louis System, 1838-1920 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1975); and Diane Ravitch and Ronald K. Goodenow (eds.), Educating an Urban People: The New York City Experience (New York: Teachers College Press, 1981).

8. David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, "Hard Times, Hard Choices: The Case for Coherence in Public School Leadership," Phi Delta Kappan, 63 (April 1982), pp. 511-515; David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, "A Usable Past: Using History in Educational Policy," Ann Lieberman and Milbrey W. McLaughlin (eds.), Policy Making in Education. Eighty-first Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part 1, pp. 1-22; and David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, "Conflict and Consensus in American Public Education," Daedelus, 110 (Summer 1981), pp. 1-25.

9. Tyack and Hansot, "A Usable Past," p. 3.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Wayne E. Fuller, The Old Country School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Joanna L. Stratton, Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981).

13. Ibid., p. 159.

14. Barbara Finkelstein and Donald Warren, "Egalitarian Themes in the Development of Maryland's Public Education System in the Nineteenth Century," Appendix for Appellees Brief, David W. Hornbeck et al. v. Somerset County Board of Education et al. (Court of Appeal of Maryland, 1983).

15. See Barbara Finkelstein, "Exploring Community in Urban Educational History," Diane Ravitch and Ronald K. Goodenow (eds.), Community Studies in Urban Educational History (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983).

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