When repeated, Kenneth and Mamie Clark's famous study of 1947 produces sharply different results.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ASHER, S. and V. ALLEN (1969) "Racial preference and social comparison processes."J. of Social Issues25: 157-164.
2.
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954) 347 U.S. 483.
3.
CLARK, K. B. and M. P. CLARK (1980) "What do blacks think of themselves?"Ebony (November): 176-183.
4.
CLARK, K. B. (1947) "Racial identification and preference in Negro children," in T. M. Newcomb and E. L. Hartley (eds.) Readings in Social Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
5.
CLARK, K. B. (1940) "Skin color as a factor in racial identification of Negro school children."J. of Social Psychology11: 159-169.
6.
CLARK, K. B. (1939a) "Segregation as a factor in the racial identification of Negro preschool children: a preliminary report."J. of Experimental Education9: 161-163.
7.
CLARK, K. B. (1939b) "The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children."J. of Social Psychology10: 591-599.
8.
COOMBS, O. (1978) "Mulatto Pride."New York Magazine (June 26): 33-37.
9.
FARRELL, W. , J. OLSON, and R. LARSON (1982) "Racial preference of young children in segregated and desegregated settings."J. of Educ. Equity and Leadership2 (Winter): 134-143.
10.
GREENWALD, H. and D. OPPENHEIM (1967) "Reported magnitude of self-misidentification among Negro children-artifact?"J. of Personality and Social Psychology8: 49-52.
11.
HOROWITZ, R. (1939) "Racial aspects of self-identification in nursery school children."J. of Personality and Social Psychology1: 91-99.
12.
KOSLIN, S. C. , B. L. KOSLIN, J. CARDWELL, and R. PARGAMENT (1969) "Quasi-disguised and structured measures of school children's racial preferences."Proceeding of the 77th Annual Convention of the Amer. Psych. Assn.: 661-662.
13.
MAHAN, J. (1976) "Black and white children's racial identification and preference."J. of Black Psychology3 (August): 47-58.
14.
LARSON, R. , J. OLSON, D. JENSEN, and O. TOTDAHL (1969) "Racism in kindergarten."Elementary School J.69: 180-185.
15.
LINCOLN, C. E. (1978) "The new black estate: the coming of age of blackamerica," in M. V. Namorata (ed.) Have We Overcome?Jackson, MS: Univ. Press of Mississippi.
16.
LINCOLN, C. E. (1968) "Color and group identity in the United States," in J. H. Franklin (ed.) Color and Race. Boston: Beacon Press.
17.
MORLAND, J. K. and E. SUTHERS (1980) "Racial attitudes of children: perspectives on the structural normative theory of prejudice."Phylon41 (September): 267-275.
18.
OLSON, J. , R. LARSON, W. FARRELL, and C. RICHARDS (1980) "Racial awareness in kindergarten: a decade of progress."Integrateducation18, 1-4: 98-101.
19.
PORTER, J. (1971) Black Child, White Child: The Development of Racial Attitudes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
20.
RANDALL, A. (1982) "Washington's other elite."Washingtonian (May): 111-119.
21.
REAVES, J. Y. and P. FRIEDMAN (1982) "The relationship of physical attractiveness and similarity of preferences to peer affiliation among black children."J. of Negro Education51:101-110.
22.
SCANLAN, P. and P. R. DOKECKI (1973) "Toward the development of a technique to measure the racial awareness-attitudes of three-to-five year old children."Resources in Education, ERIC Doc.138-358.
23.
SOWELL, T. (1981a) "Blacker than thou."Washington Post (February 13): A19.
24.
SOWELL, T. (1981b) "Blacker than thou (II)."Washington Post (February 14): A21.
25.
WILLIAMS, R. L. (1969) "The changing image of the black American."Resources in Education, ERIC Doc.035-681.