Community Operated Schools —a Way Out?

Nat Hentoff , OUR CHILDREN ARE DYING (New York: Viking Press, 1966).

Jonathan Kozol , DEATH AT AN EARLY AGE (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1967).

See Robert Conot's RIVERS OF BLOOD, YEARS OF DARKNESS (New York: Bantam Book, 1967) for a good background study of the leaders in the 1965 Watts riot.

See The New York Times, November 2, 1967.

Alsop, Joseph , "No More Nonsense about Ghetto Schools," THE NEW REPUBLIC, July 22, 1967, pp. 18-23.

See Kenneth Clark's chapter, "Ghetto Schools: Separate and Unequal" , in DARK GHETTO (New York: Random House, 1965) in which he argues that the main thing needed is a change in attitude and expectation on the part of teachers and school administrators in nonwhite schools.

Wrightstone , Forlano , Frankel , Lewis , Turner , and Bolger , "Evaluation of Higher Horizons Programs for Underprivileged Children ," New York City Board of Education, 1964. See also discussion in RACIAL ISOLATION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1967, pp. 122-126.

Ibid. , RACIAL ISOLATION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS , pp. 120-122. This temporary improvement found in the Banneker District characterizes many compensatory programs. It is generally believed that this improvement is due to the "Hawthorne Effect". This phenomenon, taking its name from the Hawthorne Electric Plant where it was first discovered, relates change in human experimental situations to the subject's response to the experimental situation itself and the associated attention rather than to the particular variable manipulated. When the publicity and the novelty surrounding programs such as Higher Horizons and the Banneker Project fade, the learning improvement fades also.

David Fox , "Evaluation of New York City Title I, Educational Projects 1966-67, Expansion of the More Effective Schools Program", Center for Urban Education, 1967.

"Cumulative deficit" refers to the fact that as Negro and white children progress through school, Negroes fall further and further behind. What may be a reading difference of six months in the second grade is likely to become two years and six months by the seventh grade.

RACIAL ISOLATION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, op. cit., pp. 73-115.

EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY, SUMMARY REPORT, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education , 1966, pp. 23-31.

As reported in The New York Times, October 16, 1967.

RACIAL ISOLATION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, op. cit. pp. 1-7.

Ibid, pp. 8-15.

Robert J. Havighurst , "Metropolitan Development and the Educational System," School Review (1961) pp. 251-269.

Dan Dodson , "Education and the Powerless," EDUCATION OF THE DISADVANTAGED , edited by Passow, Goldberg , and Tannenbaum (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), pp. 62-73.

See The New York Times, November 8, 1967.

Dodson , op. cit, p. 72.