The author provides an approach to estimating two dimensions of community power. The analysis of the first face of power concerns the direct causal impact of elected representatives, bureaucrats, notables, group leaders, individual activists, and citizens on policy decisions. The analysis of the third face of power concerns the capacity of such actors to influence policies indirectly by influencing the preferences of other actors. An examination of 28 issues in Lawrence, Kansas, suggests that only representatives significantly exercise the first face of power and that only group leaders may exercise the third face of power (through their ability to influence the preferences of representatives).
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