The distinction between deindustrialization with destructuring—the disintegration of an economic structure - and deindustrialization with restructuring is missing from much of the debate over deindustrialization in metropolitan areas and the appropriate policy responses to it. Empirical research must account for different sequencing of destructuring and restructuring in different cities. Buffalo experienced destructuring with little or no restructuring, whereas Pittsburgh experienced them simultaneously. Both cities experienced deindustrialization well before the usual period of study. These issues are illustrated by a comparison of Pittsburgh and Buffalo, and some political and policy consequences are noted.
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