Historical data are used to support the argument that the popularity of municipal contracting in Los Angeles County (the Lakewood Plan) resulted not from its adoption by local suburban residents seeking more efficient urban service provision, but rather from its use by members of local class organizations in order to create municipal boundaries that would surround and protect their territorial interests. The class position and objectives of political actors involved in 46 incorporation attempts in Los Angeles County provide evidence demonstrating how the conflicts and outcomes of the incorporation process were class based.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations [ACIR] (1974) Governmental Functions and Processes: Local and Areawide, IV. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
2.
AGNEW, J. A. (1978) "Market relations and locational conflict in cross-national perspective," pp. 128-143 in K. Cox (ed.) Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies. Chicago: Maarufo.
3.
BENNETT, J. T. and M. H. JOHNSON (1979) "Public versus private provision of collective goods and services: Garbage collection revisited."Public Choice34: 55-63.
4.
BIGGER, R. and J. KITCHEN (1952) How Cities Grew: A Century of Municipal Independence and Expansionism in Metro Los Angeles. Los Angeles: The Hayes Foundation.
5.
BISH, R. (1971) The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas. Chicago: Markham.
6.
BISH, R. and V. OSTROM (1973) Understanding Urban Government: Metropolitan Reform Reconsidered. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
7.
BORCHERDING, T. [ed.] (1977) Budgets and Bureaucrats: The Sources of Government Growth. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
8.
California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Municipal and County Government (1960) Annexation and Related Incorporation Problems, Transcripts of Proceedings. San Diego, California. (mimeo)
9.
California Legislature Assembly Interim Committee on Municipal and County Government (1958) Incorporations, Transcripts of Proceedings. Los Angeles. (mimeo)
10.
COLVER, S. (1964) The Historical Volume and Reference Works, Los Angeles County III. Arlington, CA: Historical Publishers.
11.
Committee for Economic Development [CED] (1970) Reshaping Government in Metropolitan Areas. New York: The Committee.
12.
CONRAD, T. (1970) "Rationality and political science."Polity2, 4: 480-493.
13.
COX, K. and F. Z. NARTOWICZ (1980) "Jurisdictional fragmentation in the American metropolis: Alternative perspectives."Int. J. of Urban and Regional Research4, 2: 196-209.
14.
DINERMAN, B. (1958) "Chambers of commerce in the modern metropolis."Bureau of the Government Research Observer2.
15.
DOMHOFF, W. G. (1978) Who Really Rules? New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
16.
EHRENREICH, B. and J. EHRENREICH (1979) "The professional managerial class," pp. 5-48 in P. Walker (ed.) Between Labor and Capital. Boston: South End Press.
17.
EULAU, H. and K. PREWITT (1973) Labyrinths of Democracy: Adaptations, Linkages, Representation and Polities in Urban Politics. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
18.
FISCHER, C. S. (1976) The Urban Experience. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich.
19.
FISK, D.H.K. and T. MULLER (1978) Private Provision of Public Services: An Overview. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
20.
GOLDBACH, J. C. (1964) "The politics of incorporation: Cityhood in Southern California." Ph.D. Dissertation, Claremont Graduate School.
21.
GROELINGER, D. (1977) "Domestic capital equipment," pp. 146-175 in J. E. Ullman (ed.) The Suburban Economic Network. New York: Praeger.
22.
HAWLEY, W. and D. ROGERS (1974) Improving the Quality of Urban Management. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
23.
HAYES, T. (1972) Power Structure and Urban Policy: Who Rules in Oakland?New York: McGraw-Hill.
24.
HILL, R. C. (1974) "Separate and unequal: Governmental inequality in the metropolis."Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.68 (December): 1557-1568.
25.
KELLY, S. (1956) Professional Public Relations and Political Power. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
26.
KEMENY, J. (1980) "Home ownership and privatization."Int. J. of Urban and Regional Research4, 3: 372-388.
27.
KIRLIN, J. (1973) "The impact of contract service arrangements on the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department and law enforcement services in Los Angeles County."Public Policy21 (Fall): 553-584.
28.
LEE, E. (1960) The Politics of Nonpartisanship: A Study of California Elections. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press.
29.
Los Angeles County Clerk of the Board of Supervisors (1957) Incorporation Files, City of Industry.
30.
Los Angeles County Clerk of the Board of Supervisors (1963) Incorporation Files, City of South San Gabriel.
31.
Los Angeles County Clerk of the Board of Supervisors (1959) Incorporation Files, City of La Mirada.
32.
Los Angeles County Clerk of the Board of Supervisors (1957) Incorporation Files, City of Santa Fe Springs.
33.
Los Angeles County Clerk of the Board of Supervisors (1956) Incorporation Files, City of Irwindale.
34.
Los Angeles County Engineering Department, Annexation Maps (1950-1970)
35.
MEHAY, S. L. (1979) "Intergovernmental police contracting for municipal police services-empirical analysis."Land Economics55, 1: 59-72.
36.
MILLER, G. J. (1981) Cities by Contract. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37.
MOLLENKOPF, J. (1976) "The post-war politics of urban development."Politics and Society5 (Winter): 247-296.
38.
MOLOTCH, H. (1979) "Capital and neighborhood in the United States."Urban Affairs Q.14, 3: 289-312.
39.
MOLOTCH, H. (1976) "The city as growth machine: Toward a political economy of place."Amer. J. of Sociology82 (September): 309-332.
40.
MUELLER, D. C. (1976) "Public choice: A survey."J. of Economic Literature54: 395-433.
41.
MUNCY, D. A. (1954) "Land for industry: A neglected problem."Harvard Bus. Rev.32: 51-63.
42.
NEIMAN, M. (1975) "From Plato's philosopher king to Bish's tough purchasing agent: The premature public choice paradigm."J. of the Amer. Institute of Planners41 (March): 66-82.
43.
OSTROM, E. (1972) "Metropolitan reform: Propositions derived from two traditions."Social Sci. Q.53 (December): 474-493.
44.
OSTROM, V. , C. M. TIEBOUT, and R. WARREN (1961) "The organization of government in metropolitan areas: A theoretical inquiry."Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.55: 831-842.
45.
PREWITT, K. (1970) Recruitment of Political Leadership. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
46.
REYNOLDS, D. R. (1976) "Progress towards achieving efficient and responsible spatial-political systems in urban America," pp. 463-538 in J. S. Adams (ed.) Urban Policy-making and Metropolitan Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
47.
Rosemead Review (1956, April 16)
48.
San Gabriel Valley Tribune (1956, August 2)
49.
SAVAS, E. S. (1981) "Intracity competition between public and private sector delivery."Public Admin. Rev.41, 1: 46-72.
50.
SAVAS, E. S. (1979) "Public vs. private collection: A critical review of the evidence."Urban Analysis6: 1-13.
51.
SAUNDERS, P. (1978) "Domestic property and social class."Int. J. of Urban and Regional Research2: 233-251.
52.
SCHAFFER, A. and R. C. SCHAFFER (1970) Woodruff: A Study of Community Decision Making. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
53.
SCOTT, S. and L. KELLER (1959) Annexation? Incorporation? A Guide for Community Action. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press.
54.
SONEBLUM, S. , J. J. KIRLIN, and J. C. RIES (1977) How Cities Provide Services: An Evaluation of Alternative Delivery Structures. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. Temple City Times (1959, November 15)
55.
VIDICH, A. J. and J. BENSMAN (1970) Small Town in Mass Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
56.
WAGNER, R. and W. WEBER (1975) "Competition, monopoly and the organization of government in metropolitan areas."J. of Law and Economics18 (December): 66-84.
57.
WARREN, R. (1966) Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Reappraisal of Fractionated Political Organization. Davis, CA: Institute of Governmental Affairs.
58.
WEINSTEIN, J. (1968) The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900-1918. Boston: Beacon.
59.
WILLIAMS, O. P. and C. R. ADRIAN (1968) Four Cities: A Study in Comparative Policy Making. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
60.
WOODS, R. (1961) 1400 Governments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
61.
WRIGHT, E. O. (1979) Class Structure and Income Determination. New York: Academic.
62.
ZISK, B. (1973) Local Interest Politics: A One Way Street. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
