Shading and ridge effects stemming from variation in pile lay orientation often emerge when a carpet loses its original appearance. In this paper, we use flow-field analysis together with other image processing techniques to characterize changes in pile lay orientation attributable to mechanical wear. Orientations of flow fields are derived from image gradients, and flow-fields are then characterized by their charac teristic orientation angles and magnitudes. Our samples show that mechanical wear results in orienting the texture along traffic direction.
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