Raw cotton fiber was heated by three processes ( metal plates, forced draft laboratory oven, and gas-fired pilot plant dryer) to compare their effect on endotoxin content of the fiber. To achieve about 90% reduction in endotoxin content, it was necessary to treat the cotton between the metal plates for 120 seconds at 215°C (419°F), in the forced draft oven for 60 seconds at 250°C (482°F), or in the pilot plant dryer for 15- 20 seconds at 250°-255°C (500°F). Fabric could be knit from heated cotton despite reductions in fiber bundle tenacity and elongation and yarn tenacity caused by the heat treatment. Heat-induced discoloration could be eliminated by a desize / scour / bleach treatment of fabric knit from heated cotton.
Brushwood, D.E. , Effects of Heating on Chemical and Physical Properties and Processing Quality of Cotton, Textile Res. J.58, 309-317 (1988).
4.
Brushwood, D.E. , Heat Induced Color and Dyeability Changes in Raw Cotton, in "1990 Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences Proceedings," J. M. Brown and D. A. Richter, Eds., National Cotton Council , Memphis, TN, 1990, pp. 687-689.
5.
Brushwood, D.E. , The Influence of Low Temperature and Desiccator Drying on Cotton, in "1991 Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences Proceedings," D. J. Herber and D. A. Richter, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1991 , pp. 997-999.
6.
Castellan, R.M. , Evaluation of Acute Human Airway Toxicity of Standard and Washed Cotton Dusts, in "Washed Cotton: Washing Techniques, Processing Characteristics, and Health Effects," P. J. Wakelyn, R. R. Jacobs , and I. W. Kirk, Eds., USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 1986, pp. 41-52.
7.
Castellan, R.M. ,, Olenchock, S.A., Hankinson, J.L., Millner, P.D., Cocke, J.B., Bragg, C.K., Perkins, H.H., Jr., and Jacobs , R.R., Acute Bronchoconstriction Induced by Cotton Dust: Dust-Related Responses to Endotoxin and Other Dust Factors, Ann. Intern. Med.101, 157-163 (1984).
8.
Castellan, R.M. , Olenchock, S.A., Kinsley, K.B., and Hankinson , J.L., Inhaled Endotoxin and Decreased Spirometric Values: An Exposure-Response Relation for Cotton Dust, N. Engl. J. Med.317, 605-610 (1987).
9.
Cocke, J.B., Castellan, R.M.Hankinson, J.L., and Sasser, P.E., Pulmonary Function Response in Washed and Unwashed Cotton, in "Proc. 7th Cotton Dust Research Conf," P. J. Wakelyn and R. R. Jacobs, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1983, pp. 62-65.
10.
Delany, J.L. , Effect of Heat and GinningOperations on Spinning and Weaving, Textile Res. J.27, 175-176 (1957).
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Delany, J.L. , Gins Cause Much of Our Trouble, Textile Ind.121 (2), 136-138 (1957).
12.
Domelsmith, L.N. , DeLucca, A.J., Fischer, J., and Foarde, K., Heat Treatments to Destroy Endotoxin, in "Proc. 15th Cotton Dust Res. Conf," R. R. Jacobs, P. J. Wakelyn , and L. N. Domelsmith, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1991, pp. 244-245.
13.
Domelsmith, L.N., and Rousselle, M.A., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Dust/Fiber, Part 1: Solvent Systems Survey, in "Proc. 11th Cotton Dust Res. Conf," R. R. Jacobs and P. J. Wakelyn , Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1987, pp. 105-108.
14.
Domelsmith, L.N., Rousselle, M.A., and Berni, R.J., Method for Reduction of Endotoxin in Cotton Lint or Dust, U.S. patent 4,832,751, May 23, 1989.
15.
Ewald, P.R., The 50-Gram Cotton Spinning Test: A Tool for Rapid Staple Fiber Research, Appl. Polym. Symp., no. 27, 345-358 (1975).
16.
Federal Register43 (122), 27350-418, June 23, 1978. 17. Hessler, L.E., and Workman, H., Heat Induced Chemical Changes in Cotton Fiber, Textile Res. J.29, 487-492 (1959).
17.
Karol, M.H., Ogundiran, A., Gatty, C., Millner, P., Domelsmith, L.N., and Rousselle, M.A., in "Proc. 11 th Cotton Dust Res. Conf," R. R. Jacobs and P. J. Wakelyn , Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1987, pp. 116-118.
18.
Kilzer, F.J., Thermal Degradation, in "Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, Part V," N. M. Bikales and L. Segal, Eds. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971, pp. 1015-1046.
19.
Landstreet, C.B., Ewald, P.R., and Gutchens , H., The 50-Gram Spinning Test: Its Development and Use in Cotton Quality Evaluation, Textile Res. J.32, 665-669 (1962).
20.
Merchant, J.A. , Lumsden, J.C., Kilburn, K.H., Germino, V.H., Hamilton, J.D., Lynn, W.S., Byrd, H., and Baucom, D., Preprocessing Cotton to Prevent Byssinosis , Br. J. Ind. Med.30, 237-247 (1973).
21.
Nelson, M.L. , Andrews, F.R., and Grant, J.N., Effects of Heat-Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cottons, Textile Res. J.29, 260-269 (1959).
22.
Olenchock, S.A., Castellan, R.M., and Hankinson, J.L., Endotoxin Contamination of Cotton: Area of Growth/Varieties, in "Proc. 8th Cotton Dust Research Conf," P. J. Wakelyn and R. R. Jacobs, Eds., National Cotton Council and Cotton Foundation, 1984, pp. 64-66.
23.
Olenchock, S.A., Castellan, R.M., and Hankinson, J.L., Endotoxins in Airborne Dusts from Cottons of Different Varieties or Areas of Growth, in "Proc. 9th Cotton Dust Research Conf ," P. J. Wakelyn and R. R. Jacobs, Eds., National Cotton Council , Memphis, TN, 1985, pp. 138-141.
24.
Perkins, H.H., Jr., Cocke, J.B., and Bragg, C.K., Evaluation of Processing Characteristics of Washed Cotton, in " Washed Cotton: Washing Techniques, Processing Characteristics, and Health Effects," P. J. Wakelyn, R. R. Jacobs, and I. W. Kirk , Eds., USDA-ARSSouthern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 1986, pp. 31-39.
25.
Rousselle, M.A., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Fiber. Effects of Heat Treatment, in "Proc. 14th Cotton Dust Research Conf," R. R. Jacobs, P. J. Wakdyn , and L. N. Domelsmith, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1990, pp. 9-12.
26.
Rousselle, M.A., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Fiber: Yarn and Fabric-Prepared from Heat-Detoxified Fiber, in "Proc. 15th Cotton Dust Research Conf ," R. R. Jacobs, P. J. Wakelyn, and L. N. Domelsmith, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1991, pp. 238-240.
27.
Rousselle, M.A. , and Domelsmith, L.N., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Dust/Fiber. Part 2: Extension of Dust Survey Results to Lint & Sliver, in "Proc. 11th Cotton Dust Res. Conf," R. R. Jacobs and P. J. Wakelyn, Eds., National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, 1987, pp. 109-111.
28.
Rousselle, M.A., and Domelsmith , L.N., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton: Preparation of Yarn and Fabric from Detoxified Cotton, Textile Res. J.58, 469-477 (1988).
29.
Rousselle, M.A. , and Domelsmith, L.N., Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Fiber: Comparison of Heat Sources for Detoxification, in "Proc. 16th Cotton Dust Research Conf," L. N. Domelsmith. R. R. Jacobs, and P. J. Wakelyn, Eds., National Cotton Council , Memphis, TN, 1992, pp. 243-245.
30.
Rylander, R. , Bacterial Toxins and the Etiology of Byssinosis , Chest79, 34S- 38S.( 1981).
31.
Rylander, R., and Snella, M.C., Bacterial Contamination of Cotton as a Factor Determining its Pulmonary Toxicity , in "Proc. Amer. Conf. Ind. Hyg," H. Ayer. Ed., 1974, pp. 101-109.
32.
Schilling, R.S.F. , Vigliani, E.C., Lammers, B., Valic, F., and Gilson, J.C., A Report on a Conference on Byssinosis , in "XIVth International Congress on Industrial Health, Madrid, 1963," vol 2, pp. 137-145, Excerpta Medica International Congress Series no. 62.
33.
Wakelyn, P.J. , Introduction: Washing Cotton to Remove Potential Health Effects, in "Washed Cotton: Washing Techniques, Processing Characteristics, and Health Effects," P. J. Wakelyn, R. R. Jacobs, and I. W. Kirk, Eds., USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA , 1986, pp. 1-16.
34.
Ward, T.L., Calamari, T.A., and Benerito. R.R., Objective Differentiation of Washed and Unwashed Cottons by Thermal Analyses , Textile Res. J.55, 186-191 (1985).
35.
Zeronian, S.H. , Heat-Induced Changes in the Properties of Cotton Fibers, in "Cellulose Chem. and Tech. ACS Symp. Ser. 48," J. C. Arthur, Jr., Ed., ACS, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 189-205.
