After steeping scoured wool in an acid solution and centrifuging, the surface liquid remaining in the wool mass exists in various forms of discrete droplets. During the drying phase of a carbonizing process, these droplets contract and their acid concen tration increases. Beneath the droplets of concentrated acid, intercellular material is extracted from between the overlapping wool scales; the scales lift and may eventually break off. By adding the "critical spreading concentration" of a surfactant to the acid bath, the surface liquor after centrifuging remains spread over the fibers as a film and prevents local concentrations of acid forming during drying.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anon, Carbonizing - A Survey of Recent Research in Belgium, WoolSci. Rev.25, 45-59 (1964).
2.
Crewther, W.G., Carbonizing Investigations, Part III: A New Method for Protecting Wool During Carbonizing, in "Proc. lst Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf. Aust.," addendum to vol. E, 1955, pp. 408-420.
3.
Crewther, W.G. , and Pressley, T.A., Carbonizing Investigations , Part VI: A Comparison of Different Types of Surface Active Agents in Laboratory Carbonizing, Textile Res. J.29, 482-486 (1959).
4.
Davis, A.E.:, Johnson, A. J., and Mizell, L. R., The Influence of Surfactants in the Acid Bath on the Loss in Strength of Carbonized Wool, Textile Res. J.31, 825-826 (1961).
5.
Dickinson, J.C. , The Influence of Surface Active Agents on the Chemical Reactivity of Wool, Wool Sci. Rev.51, 43-59 (1975).
6.
Edenborough, B.W., and Nossar, M.S., TheEstimation of Damage in Carbonized Wools from Tensile Tests on Flat Fibre Bundles, J. Textile Inst.64, 521-527 (1973).
7.
Elliott, R.L. , Asquith, R.S., and Rawson, D.H., TheEffect of Sulphuric Acid on Wool, Part I: Influence of Concentration of Acid on the Histological Attack, J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 74, 173-176 (1958).
8.
Halim, A.A., A Study of the Wool Carbonizing Process, Doctoral thesis, Univ. of Leeds, 1977.
9.
Hille, E., and Zahn, H., Peptidyl Shift During Wool Carbonizing, J. Textile Inst.51, T1162-T1167 (1960).
10.
Mizell, L.R. , Davis, A.E., and Oliva, E.C., A Critical Study of Wool Carbonizing, Textile Res. J.32, 497-505 (1962).
11.
Nossar, M.S., A Contribution to Wool Carbonizing with Special Reference to Drying, Doctoral thesis, Univ. of NSW, 1970.
12.
Nossar, M.S. , and Chaikin, M., An Improved Carbonizing Process for Wool , presented to 20th Tech. Conf. of the Textile Industry, Budapest, 1973, Magyar Textil-tech. 26, 637-641 (1973).
13.
Nossar, M.S., and Chaikin, M., Carbonizing of Burry Wools for Combing, in "Proc. 5th Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf. Aachen," addendum to vol. IV, 1975, pp. 136-146.
14.
Nossar, M.S. , Chaikin, M., and Datyner, A., TheEffect of Surfactants on the Retention of Moisture and Sulphuric Acid by Wool , J. Textile Inst.62, 677-685 (1971).
15.
Nossar, M.S. , Chaikin, M., and Datyner, A., TheRole of Surfactants in Reducing Acid Damage to Wool in Carbonizing, J. Textile Inst.64, 490-494 (1973).
16.
Williamson, R. , "Fluorescent Brightening Agents," Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 1980.
