Fibril formation within polymeric fluids is viewed from two complementary models. One is based on the lattice theory for solutions of semiflexible polymer molecules presented by Flory in 1956. This viewpoint is modified along lines suggested by Frenkel to incorporate effects that may be present in the thermokinetic environment of a polymeric system undergoing fibril formation. In the other viewpoint, fibril formation is recognized as an irreversible process. and the ther modynamics of irreversible processes, pioneered by Prigogine, is applied. This viewpoint considers the expansion and collection of polymer molecules in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic stationary state as developed by Lavenda. A merging of these two viewpoints is suggested as a viable stratagem for erecting a proper theory of fibril formation within the fluid jet inherent in contemporary synthetic filament forming processes.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Andrews, E., Crystalline Morphology in Thin Films of Natural Rubber, II: Crystallization Under Strain. Proc. Roy. Soc.A277, 562 (1964).
2.
Astbury, W., and Wood. H., The Molecular Structure of Textile Fibers, J. Textile Inst. Trans. 23, T17 (1932).
3.
Ciferri, A., Ultra-High-Modulus Fibers from Solution Spinning, Polym. Eng. Sci.15 (3). 191 (1975).
4.
Flory, P.J., Thermodynamics of High Polymer Solutions, J. Chem. Phys.10, 51 (1942).
5.
Flory, P., "Principles of Polymer Chemistry." Cornell University Press, Ithaca. N.Y., 1953.
6.
Flory, P.J., StatisticalThermodynamics of Semi-flexible Chain Molecules, Proc. Roy. Soc.A234, 60 ( 1956).
7.
Frank, F.C., Keller, A., and Mackley, M.R., Polymer Chain Extension Produced by Impinging Jets and its Effect on Polyethylene Solutions. Polymer12, 467 (1971).
8.
Frenkel, S., Thermokinetics of Formation of Ordered Structures in Polymer Solutions and Gels, Pure Appl. Chem.38, 117 (1974).
9.
George, W., and Tucker, P., TheMorphology of Fibrous Polymeric Crystals Formed Isothermally in Stationary Shear Fields, Polym. Eng. Sci.16 (3), 212 (1976).
10.
Glansdorff, P., and Prigogine, I., "Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuation," Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971 .
11.
Grew, N.(1682), "The Anatomy of Plants," Johnson Reprint Corporation , New York, 1965.
12.
Hock, L., Regarding the Theory of Joule Effect on Natural Rubber (in German), Z. Elektrochem.31, 404 . (1925).
13.
Hoffman, J. , On the Formation of Polymer Fibrils by Flow-induced Crystallization, Polymer20, 1071 (1979).
14.
Huggins, M.L. , Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions of Long-Chain Compounds, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.43, 1 ( 1942).
Lindenmeyer, P., Polymer Solidification as a Dissipative Structure , J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys.17, 1965 (1979 ).
21.
Lindenmeyer, P., TheFundamental Basis for Fiber Formation and Fiber Structure, Textile Res. J.50 (7), 395 (1980).
22.
Lindenmeyer, P., Reply to Are Dissipative Structures Formed in the Fiber Formation Process?, Textile Res. J.54, 131 (1984).
23.
Long, R.R., Vortex Motion in a Viscous Fluid, J. Meteorology15, 108 (1958).
24.
McHugh, A.J. , and Schultz, J.M., Extensional Flow Induced Crystallization from Solution, Koll. Z. Z. Polym. 251, 193 (1973 ).
25.
Nicolis, G., Dissipative Instabilities, Structure, and Evolution, in "Membranes, Dissipative Structures, and Evolution," G. Nicolis and R. Lefever, Eds., Interscience , New York, 1975, pp. 29-47.
26.
Pennings, A.J. , van der Mark, J.M.A.A., and Booj , H.C., Koll. Z. Z. Polym236 (2), 99 ( 1970).
27.
Pennings, A.J. , Bundle-like Nucleation and Longitudinal Growth of Fibrillar Polymer Crystals from Flowing Solutions, J. Polym. Sci. Part C 59, 55 (1977).
28.
Pennings, A.J. , Fraction of Polymers by Crystallization from Solutions, II, J. Polym. Sci. Part C 16, 1799 (1967 ).
29.
Pennings, A.J. , and Zwyijnenburg , A., Longitudinal Growth of Polymer Crystals from Flowing Solution, VI: Melting Behavior of Continuous Fibrillar Polyethylene Crystals, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed.17, 1011 (1979).
30.
Sawyer, L., and George, W., Tactoidal Precursors of Fibrous Morphologies, J. Polym. Sci . Part B 16, 193 ( 1978).
31.
Sawyer, L., and George, W., Comparisons Between Synthetic and Natural Microfiber Systems, in "Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems: Biogenesis, Structures and Degradation ," M. Brown, Ed.. Plenum Press, New York, 1982.
32.
Segel, L.A., Non-Linear Hydrodynamic Stability Theory and its Applications to Thermal Convection and Curved Flows, in "Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Variational Techniques and Stability," R. Donnelly, R. Herman, and I. Prigogine , Eds., University of Chicago Press, 1966.
33.
Silebi, C.A. , and McHugh, A.J., Effect of Nonhomogeneous Shear Rates on the Flow-induced Crystallization of Flexible Macromolecules, J. Polym. Sci. Part A-217, 1469 ( 1979).
34.
Werbowyj, R.S. , and Gray, D.K., Ordered Phase Formation in Concentrated Hydroxypropylcellulose Solutions, Macromol.13, 69 (1980).
35.
Wikjord, A. , Page, D., and Manley, St. John, Fibrillar Crystals of Isotactic Polystyrene, II: Aggregation in Stirred Suspension, J. Macromol. Sci. Phys . B4 (2), 413 (1970).
36.
Zachman, H. , Theory of Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Concentrated Solutions, Pure Appli. Chem.38, 79 (1974).
