The modifying effects of liquid ammonia as a final finishing treatment and as a pretreatment for durable press finish on wear performance of all-cotton broadcloth were investigated. Abrasion resistance and appearance retention were taken as indicators of wear life. Abrasion was monitored by Stoll flex abrasion in dry and wet conditions and repeated laundering. Abrasion resistance was assessed from residual breaking strength and elongation-at-break behavior of fabrics, whereas wrinkle recovery, dimensional stability, and whiteness retention gave a measure of appearance retention qualities. Liquid ammonia improved the tensile strength and Stoll flex abrasion in dry condition, as well as dimensional stability of cotton broad cloth. As a pretreatment for durable press finish, liquid ammonia significantly improved abrasion resistance, tensile strength retention, wrinkle recovery, and di mensional stability in cotton broadcloth relative to durable press treatment by itself.
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3.
Bowles, A.H., Some Physical Aspects of the Treatment of Cotton with Liquid Ammonia, Conference on Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Cellulosic Textiles , Shirley Institute, Manchester , England, 23-33, 1970.
4.
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5.
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6.
deGruy, I.V. , Carra, J.H., Tripp, V.W., and Rollins, M.L., Microscopical Observations of Abrasion Phenomena in Cotton, Textile Res. J.32, 873-882 (1962).
7.
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8.
Gagliardi, D.D. , Wehner, A., and Cicione, R.J., Improved Durable-Press Cottons Produced by Conventional Pad-Dry-Cure Procedures Using Pairs of Monofunctional and Difunctional Swelling Reactants, Textile Res. J.38, 426-431 (1968).
9.
Gailey, R.M., Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Yarns and Threads, Part I., Principles and Practice , Conference on Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Cellulosic Textiles, Shirley Institute, Manchester . England, 9-20, 1970.
10.
Gogek, C.J. , Olds, W.F., Valko, E.J., and Shanley, E.S., Effects of Preswelling on Durable-Press Performance of Cotton, Textile Res. J.39, 543-547 (1969).
11.
Gonzales, E.J. , and Benerito, R.R., Effect of Catalyst upon the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Cellulose Finished With Derivatives of Ethyleneurea , Textile Res. J.35, 168-177 (1965).
12.
Handu, J.L. , Sreenivas, K., and Rangunthar , S.R., Chemical and Mechanical Damage in Service Wear of Cotton Apparel Fabrics. Textile Res. J.37, 997-999 (1967).
13.
Handy, C.T. , Arnold, H.W., Reitz, D.C., and Wilkinson , P.R., Predicting the Durability of Dress Shirts in Home Laundering, Am. Dyest. Reptr.57 (4), 36-38 (1968).
14.
Heap, S.A., Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Cotton Fabrics as a Pretreatment for Easy-Care Finishing, Textile Inst. Ind. 6, 387-390 (1978).
Jung, H., Liquid Ammonia vs. Caustic Mercerization as a Pretreatment for the Cotton Butadienediepoxide Reaction, Spectra and Microscopic Studies, Textile Res. J.45, 681-691 (1975).'
17.
Moore, H.B. , Retardation of Heat-Induced Strength Loss in Cotton Yarns by Liquid Ammonia Treatment, Textile Res. J.18, 749-755 (1948).
18.
Murphy, A.L. , Margavio, M.F., and Welch, C.M., A Method of Preventing Strength Losses During Wash-Wear Finishing of Cotton Fabric, Am. Dyest. Rept r. 53, 25-27 (1964).
19.
Nelson, M.L. , Mechanical Properties of Cotton Yarns Mercerized in Liquid Ammonia and Sodium Hydroxide, Textile Res. J.46, 872-879 (1976).
20.
Pandey, S.N. , and Navir, P., A Study of the Effects of Anhydrous Liquid Ammonia Treatment on Cotton, Textile Res. J.45, 648-651 (1975).
21.
Parikh, D.V. , Frick, J.G., and Reid, J.D., Investigations in Steam-Curing of Methyl Amides on Cotton, Am. Dyest. Reptr. 60 (2), 48-61 (1971).
22.
Pope, C.J., and Weiner, D.J., HowFabrics Wear in Laundering , Textile Chem. Color. 1 (15), 16-24 (1969).
23.
Raheel, M., Effects of Abrasion on Stress-Strain Properties of Two Polyester/Cotton Fabrics in Low-Level Laboratory Abrasion and Wear Trials, Textile Res. J.50, 381-386 (1980).
24.
Reeves, W.A., SomeEffects of the Nature of CrossLinks on the Properties of Cotton Fibers, J. Textile Inst.53, 22-36 (1962).
25.
Reeves, W.A., Cooper, A.S., Sloan, W.G., and Harper, R.J., All Cotton Fabrics for Durable-Press, Textile Indus.129, 74-103 (1965).
Roussell, M.A. , Nelson, M.L., Hassenboehler , C.B., and Legendre, D.C., Liquid Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization of Cotton Fibers: Changes in Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties, Textile Res. J.46, 648-653 (1976).
28.
Sarma, G.V. , Ranganathen, S.R., and Chipallcatti , V.B., Flex Abrasion as an Index of Wear Life, Am. Dyest. Reptr.58, 52-55 (1969).
29.
Trask, B.J. , Calamari, T.A., and Harper, R.J., Liquid Ammonia Stabilization of Cotton Denim, Textile Chem. Color. 9, 237-239 (1977).
Vail, S.L., Verburg, G.B., Young, A.H.P., and Parikh, D.V., OneStep Wet-Fixation Deposition Process for Cotton Using Low Add-Ons of Resins. Textile Res. J.39, 505 (1969).
33.
Warwicker, J.O. , The Fundamental Basis of Liquid Ammonia Treatment, Conference on Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Cellulosic Textiles, Shirley Institute, Manchester, England, 1-8, 1970.
