Catalysts from combinations of Lewis-acid salts, or from a Lewis-acid salt and a Bronsted acid, have been used in crosslink finishing of cotton textiles for many years. Whereas the effect on formaldehyde release was not a major factor in the early use of these catalysts, this effect presently influences the selection of the integral components of the mixture as well as the component ratio within the mixture. Interactions of physical property variables with formaldehyde release are given for mixtures of magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate with organic acids and with other salts, and for aluminum sulfate and selected alum salts. When proton donors are added to catalysts possessing considerable Bronsted activity, antagonism can occur. When proton donors are added in correct proportion to catalysts exhibiting little Bronsted activity, improvements can be realized in appearance-related properties while low formalde hyde release is maintained. Both pH of the crosslinking bath and of the fabric during cure influence property modification.
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4.
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6.
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Cashen, N.A. , Kullman, R.M.H., and Reinhardt , R.M., "Mild Cure Finishing Process Incorporating Improved Catalyst Systems to Produce Wrinkle Resistant, Durably Pressed and Creased Cellulosic Textile Products," U.S. Pat. 3,811,210, May 21, 1974.
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Doshi, S.M. , and Chattopadhyay. D.K., Studies on Single Stage Rapid-Cure Technique of Resin Finishing Using DMDHEU—Mixed Catalyst System: Part II—Comparative Fabric Performance of the Single Stage Rapid-Cure vs. Steam-Cure and Pad-Dry-Cure Treatment, Indian J. Textile Res. 2, 71-76 (1977).
11.
Enders, H., and Pusch, G., "Process for Treating Textiles and Textiles Treated by Such Process ," U.S. Pat. 3,409,462, Nov. 5, 1968.
12.
Harper, R.J. , Jr., Gautreaux, G.A., Donoghue , M.J., and Bruno, J.S., The Use of Hydroxy Acids as Catalysts for Crosslinking Agents, Textile Chem. Color.3 (5), 65-70 (1971).
13.
Irvine, J.B. , Simons, J.K., and Davids, J.H., A Mild Cure Catalyst, Amer. Dyest. Reptr.48 (12), 37-42 (1959).
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Kravetz, L. , and Ferrante, G.R., A. NewCatalyst System for Cross-Linking Cotton Cellulose with Formaldehyde, Textile Res. J.40, 362-369 (1970).
15.
Lauchenauer, A.E., "Method of Crosslinking Cellulosic Fibers ," U.S. Pat. 3,807,952, Apr. 30, 1974.
16.
Meyer, U., Müller, K., Rocette, H.K., and Zollinger, H., Comparison of Catalytic Activities and Textile Mechanical Properties Observed in the Crosslinking of Cotton with Highly Active Catalysts, Textile Res. J.46,691-697 (1976).
17.
North, B.F., and Lourigan, G.H., "Permanent PressSystem," U.S. Pat. 3,954,405, May 4, 1976.
18.
Parikh, D.V., and Reinhardt, R.M., Low EnergyCuring Catalytic Systems for Finishing Treatments of Easy-Care, Pigment Padding and Pigment Printing, Book Pap., Natl. Tech. Conf. AATCC1979, 238-252.
19.
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21.
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Pierce, A.G. , Jr., and Frick, J.G., Jr., Highly Active Catalysts for Wrinkle Resistance and Wash-Wear Finishing of Cotton Fabric, Amer. Dyest. Reptr.57 (22), 47-51 (1968).
24.
Pierce, A.G. , Jr., Reinhardt, R.M., and Kullman, R.M.H., Catalytic Effects in the Reaction of Methylolamide Crosslinking Agents with Cellulose , Textile Res. J.46, 420-428 (1976).
25.
Pierce, A.G. , Jr., Vail, S.L., and Boudreaux , E.A., Amide-Metal Ion Complex Formation and Its Effect on the Catalysis of Cellulose Crosslinking Reactions , Textile Res. J.41, 1006-1007 (1971 ).
26.
Poppenwimmer, K., Riedel, M., and Robinson, T., "Finishing Textile Fibers," Ger. Offen 2,124,753, Dec. 9, 1971.
27.
Pusch, G., Problems of Catalysis and Technical Control in Finishing Cotton with Synthetic Resins, Melliand Textilber. Int.60, 78-85 (1979); Melliand Textilber. (Eng. ed.) 8:76-82 (1979).
28.
Reid, J.D., Reinhardt, R.M., Kullman, R.M.H., and Cashen, N.A., "Use of Sodium Bisulfite in an Improved Process for the Treatment of Cellulose Textile Materials with Carbamate Finishing Agents with Sulfurous Acid," U.S. Pat. 3,854,873, Dec. 17, 1974.
29.
Reinhardt, R.M., Andrews, B. A. Kottes, and Harper, R.J., Jr., Influence of pH in Washing on the Formaldehyde-Release Properties of Durable-Press Cotton , Textile Res. J. 51, 263-270 (1981).
30.
Reinhardt, R.M., and Kullman, R.M.H., Moderated Mineral Acid Catalysis for Durable-Press Finishing under Mild Cure Conditions, Textile Res. J.44, 948-952 (1974).
31.
Reinhardt, R.M., and Kullman, R.M.H., Al2(OH)5Cl/H 3PO4 Catalyst Systems in Conventional Durable Press Finishing , Textile Chem. Color.8 (8), 117-118 (1976).
32.
Shah, O.J., "Hardening Thermosetting Aminoplast Textile Finishing Resins on Textile Materials," Ger. Offen 2,506,606, Aug. 28, 1975.
33.
Shah, J.K., Shroff, J.J., Chokshi, R.B., and Dixit, S.A., Assessment of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Fabric of Decomposition Product of Crosslinking Catalysts by Indicators, Colourage26 (8), 23-28 (1979).
34.
Vail, S.L., TheReactivity-Hydrolysis Relationship in Chemical Finishing of Cotton, Textile Res. J.39, 774-780 (1969).
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