A Study of the Physical State of some Water-Soluble Dyes in Cellulose by p-Nitrophenol Adsorption

Abstract

The p-nitrophenol adsorption method has been used to measure the specific surface of two direct dyes and an acid wool dye in various forms of cellulose. The state of association is then determined. At weak shade depths a monolayer of dye is formed on the internal surface of the substrate, but as the shade is deepened multilayers appear to form, and event ually these break up into three-dimensional aggregates. Association occurs more readily in "never-dried" regenerated cettutose film than in normal film and is not influenced by drying.

There is a correspondence between the state of association of C.I. Direct Blue 1 measured by the present method and heat of dyeing and specific gravity data of the same dye/film system, determined by Daruwalla and D'Silva.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Agnihotri, V.G. and Giles, C.H. , The Cellulose-Dye Adsorption Process. A Study by the Monolayer Method, J. Chem. Soc., No. 15, 2241-2246 (1972).

Bach, H. , Pfeil, E. , Phillipar, W. , and Reich, M. , Molekülbau und Haftung substantiver Farbstoffe auf Cellulose, Angew. Chemie 75, 407-416 (1963).

Blair, Hal S. and McElroy, Mervyn J. , An Investigation of the Surface Areas of Dyed and Undyed Secondary Cellulose Acetate by p-Nitrophenol Adsorption , J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 19, 3161-3168 (1975 ).

Daruwalla, E.H. and D'Silva, A.P. , Heats of Dyeing of Direct Cotton Dyes on Cellulose: New Thermodynamic ' Approach to Determining the Activity of Direct Dyes in Cellulose, Textile Res. J. 33, 40-51 (1963).

Giles, C.H. , An Outline of the Chemistry of Dyeing Processes, Chem. and Ind., 92-101, 137-150 (1966); Daruwalla, E.H. , Physical Chemistry of Dyeing: State of I)ye in Dyebath and in Substrate, in Venkataraman, K. (Ed.), "The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes," Academic Press, New York, Vol. VII, 1974, Chap. III; Iyer, S. R. Sivaraja , Physical Chemistry of Dyeing: Kinetics, Equilihrium, Dye-Fiber Affinity, and Mechanisms, ibid., Chap. IV.

Giles, C.H. , Haslam, R. , Hill, A.R. , and Trivedi, A.S. , Measurement of Specific Surface of Colorants in Cellulose, J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol. 21, 5-9 (1971). (In Table III the last three dyes should be numbered IX, VII, VIII, in that order.)

Giles, C.H. , Haslam, R.J. , and Holland, W.G. , A Method for Determining the Relative Density of Water-soluble Dyes, J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 90, 135-136 (1974).

Giles, Charles H. and McIntosh, Alastair , Some Quantitative Tests of Intermolecular Bonding Between Aromatic Sulphonates and Simple Carbohydrates in Water, and its Relation to Cellulose Dyeing, Textile Res. J. 43, 489-492 (1973).

Giles, Charles H. and Haslam, Ronald , Measurement of Particle Size of a High-Lightfastness Direct Dye in Cellulose by p-Nitrophenol Adsorption, Textile Res. J. 47, 347-350 (1977).

10.

Giles, Charles H. , Smith, David , and Huitson , Alan , A General Treatment and Classification of the Solute Adsorption Isotherm. I. Theoretical, J. C'olloid Interfc. Sci. 47, 755-765 (1974).

11.

Stone, J.E. and Scallan, A.M. , A Structural Model for the Cell Wall of Water-Swollen Wood Pulp Fibers Based on their Accessibility to Macromolecules , Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 2, 343-358 (1968).

12.

Stone, J.E. , Treiber, E. , and Abrahamson, B. , Accessibility of Regenerated Cellulose to Solute Molecules, TAPPI 52, 108-110 (1969).

13.

Vickerstaff, T. , "The Physical Chemistry of Dyeing," Oliver & Boyd, London, 2nd Edn., 1954.

14.

Weissbein, L. and Coven, G.E. , The Physical State of Direct Dyes in Viscose and its Influence on Lightfastness , Textile Res. J. 30, 58-62, 62-66 (1960).