Electron microscopic investigation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments and nylon 66 film has been carried out using the method of two stage replication. The effect of ionic etching in radio frequency gas discharge has been investigated. It has been shown that the method of ionic etching in combination with the method of mild abrasion can be effectively used to reveal the internal structure of the fibers.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersonF. R.HollandV. F., Ion-Bombardment Etching of Synthetic Fibres, J. Appl. Phys.31, 1516–1519 (1960).
2.
BassetD. C.KhalifaB. A., Chain-Extended Crystallization of Polyethylene: Effect of Sample Thickness, Polymer14, 390–393 (1973); Basset, D. C. and Cardar, D. R., Oriented Chain-Extended Polyethylene, I. Formation and Characterization, Phil. Mag. 28, 513–533 (1973).
3.
De DaubeneyR. P.BunnC. W.BrownC. J., The Crystal Structure of Polyethylene Terephthalate, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)226A, 531–542 (1954).
4.
DismoreP. F.StattonW. O., Chain Folding in Oriented Nylon 66 Fibers, J. Polym. Sci. CNo. 13, 133–148 (1966).
5.
DumbletonJ. H., Chain Folding in Oriented Poly(ethylene Terephthalate), J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2, 7, 667–674 (1969).
6.
FranckF. C.KellerA.O‘ConnorA., Observation of Single Crystals of an Isotactic Polyolefin: Morphology and Chain Packing in Poly-4-Methyl-Pentene-1, Phil. Mag.4, 200–203 (1959).
7.
GeilP. H., “Polymer Single Crystals,”Interscience, New York, 1963.
8.
GoodhewP. J., The Sputtering of Rough Cylinders; Applications to the Thinning of Fibers for Transmission Electron Microscopy, J. Mater. Sci.8, 581–589 (1973).
9.
HarrisE. H.MagilJ. H., Single Crystals from Polyamide Melts, Polymer3, 252–256 (1962).
10.
HearleJ. W. S.GreerR., Fibre Structure, Textile Progress2, No. 4, 1–187 (1970); Hearle, J. W. S. and Simmens, S. C., Electron Microscopic Studies of Textile Fibers and Materials, Polymer 14, 273–285 (1973).
11.
HearleJ. W. S.LomasB.BunsellA. R., The Study of Fiber Fracture, Appl. Polym. Symp.23, 147–156 (1974).
12.
HydeP. W. J., The Stereoscan—A Polymer Probe, Rubber Plast. Age50, 654–656 (1969).
13.
IngramP.PeterlinA., “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology”Vol. 9, MarkH. F., Ed., Interscience, New York, 1968, p. 204.
14.
KassenbeckP., Neue Praparative Methoden der Electronenmikroskopic und ihre Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Faserforschung, Melliand Textilber.39, 55–61 (1958).
15.
KayD. H., “Techniques for Electron Microscopy,”Blackie and Sons, Oxford, 1965.
16.
KellerA.O‘ConnorA., Study of Single Crystals and their Associations in Polymers, Disc. Farad. Soc.25, 114–121 (1958).
17.
KellerA., The Many Faces of Order in Solid Polymers, Plastics and Polymers43, 15–29 (1975).
18.
KellerA., “Fifth International Conference on Electron Microscopy,” Philadelphia, 1962.
19.
MittalP. K., “Electron Microscopical Studies of Modified Synthetic Polymers,” M. Sc. Tech. Thesis, University of Bombay, 1974.
20.
NikonovichG. V.BurhanovaN. D.LeontevaS. A.UsmanovKh. U., Investigation of Supermolecular Structure of Tyre Cord Rayons, Cellulose Chem. and Techn.2, 231–257 (1968).
21.
NikonovichG. V.BurhanovaN. D.UsmanovKh. U., Correlations Between the Surface Structure and the Tenacity of Tyre Cord Rayons, Cellulose Chem. and Techn.1, 699–709 (1967).
22.
PadhyeM. R.BhatN. V., Electron Microscopical Study of Polyformaldehyde Fibers, Polymer (to be published, 1975).
23.
PeckV.KayeW., Solvent Etching of Cellulose Acetate Specimens for Electron Microscopy, Textile Res. J.24, 295–300 (1954); and, Application of Electron microscopy to the study of Cellulose Fibers, ibid., 301–306 (1954).
24.
RazykovK. Kh.MarkovaG. S., Technique of Preparing Ultrathin Sections of Polymeric Materials, Vysokomol. Soed.4, 913–916 (1962).
25.
RollinsM. L.CannizzaroA. M.BlouinF. A.ArthurJ. C.Jr., Location of some Typical Vinyl Polymers Within Radiation-Grafted Cotton Fibers: An Electron Microscopical Survey, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.12, 71–105 (1968).
26.
ScottR. G., A Study of the Crystalline Structure of Synthetic Fibers by Dark Field Electron Microscopy, J. Polym. Sci.57, 405–414 (1962).
27.
ScottR. G., ASTM Bull. No. 257, 121 (1959).
28.
SchultzJ. M., “Polymer Materials Science,”Prentice Hall, Englewood, N. J., 1974, p. 147.
29.
SpitB. J., Gas Discharge Etching as a New Approach in Electron Microscopy Research into High Polymers, Polymer4, 109–117 (1963).
30.
TuckerP.GeorgeW., Microfibers Formed Ab Initio in Extensional Melt Flows, Textile Res. J.44, 56–70 (1974).
31.
Van VeldR. D.MorrisG.BillicaH. R., Morphology of Man-Made Fibres, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.12, 2709–2724 (1968).